HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPHY 

of  the 

HOLY  LAND 


PC-NRLF 


SB 


WILLIAM  WALTER.,  SMITH 


Other  Works  by 
The  Rev.  Wm.  Walter  Smith,   M.A.,  M.D. 


The  History  and  Use  of  the  Prayer  Book 

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From  the  Exile  to  the  Advent;  or  The  Period  of  Prepa- 

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Progress  of  Mind  Growth,  every  detail  of  Religious  Peda- 
gogy, and  the  entrancing  and  suggestive  History  of  Re- 
ligious Education,  combining  the  best  thought  of  all  other 
books,  carefully  compiled  into  one.  ,$2.oo. 


Order  through  The  Sunday    School  Times   Company  or  the 
New  York  Sunday  School  Commission,  Inc. 


The  Students'  Illustrated  Historical 
Geography  of  the  Holy  Land 


By 

THE  REV.  WILLIAM  WALTER  .SMITH 
A.B.,  A.M.,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Sunday  School  Federation,  Secretary 
of  the  New  York  Sunday  School  Commission,  Inc.,  Secretary  of  the 
New  York  Sunday  School  Association,  Member  of  the  General  Board 
of  Religious  Education,  Member  of  the  Executive  Committee  and  of 
the  Teacher  Training  Committee  of  the  New  York  County  Sunday 
School  Association,  etc.  Author  of  "The  History  and  Use  of  the  Prayer 
Book,"  "Christian  Doctrine,"  "The  Making  of  the  Bible,"  "From 
Exile  to  Advent,"  "Sunday  School  Teaching,"  "Religious  Educa- 
tion," "The  Ageless  Hymns  of  the  Church,"  etc. 


Illustrated  with  One  Hundred   Halftone  Pictures  of  Bible 

Places  and  Thirty-five  Maps,  many  of  them  in  colors. 

WITH  FOREWORD 

BY  THE  REV.  MILTON  s.  LITTLEFIELD 

A  Popular  Reading  Manual  and  Text  Book  for  Teachers  and 
Clergy.  An  Illuminating  Course  of  Lessons  for  the  Sunday 
School,  to  be  used  in  the  History  and  Geography  Ages 


PHJLADELPHIA 

THE  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  TIMES  COMPANY 
1911 


COPYRIGHT,  1911, 

BY 
THE  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  TIMES  COMPANY 


CONTENTS 

FOREWORD v 

INTRODUCTION vii 

REFERENCE  BOOKS  FOR  FURTHER  READING ix 

PICTURES  OF  PLACES  AND  SCENERY xiii 

LIST  OF  MAPS  IN  APPENDIX xxiii 

CHAPTER  I 

THE  BIBLE  WORLD    .  i 


CHAPTER  II 
THE  ZONES  OF  PALESTINE 


CHAPTER  III 
THE  THIRD  ZONE  OF  PALESTINE.     SAMARIA 12 

CHAPTER  IV 
THE  THIRD  ZONE  OF  PALESTINE.    CONTINUED.    JUDEA  .       18 

CHAPTER  V 
JERUSALEM  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS 22 

CHAPTER  VI 

JERUSALEM,  CONTINUED.     FOURTH  QUARTER  AND  SUR- 
ROUNDING ROADS 28 

CHAPTER  VII 
THE  FOURTH  ZONE  CF  PALESTINE.     THE  JORDAN  VALLEY 

TO  THE  GHOR 33 

iii 


iv  Contents 

CHAPTER  VIII 
THE  REMAINDER  OF  THE  JORDAN  VALLEY 39 

CHAPTER  IX 
THE  FIFTH  ZONE  OF  PALESTINE.     THE  EASTERN  TABLE 

LAND 44 

CHAPTER  X 
THE  SIXTH  ZONE 51 

CHAPTER  XI 
THE  EASTERN  EMPIRES 54 

CHAPTER  XII 
THE  LANDS  OF  ST.  PAUL'S  LABORS. — ASIA  MINOR,  THE 

MEDITERRANEAN,  GREECE,  ROME 59 

INDEX 


FOREWORD 

God's  revelation  is  given  to  the  world  in  three  chapters. 
The  first  is  the  story  of  the  land  of  Palestine.  The  second 
is  the  history  of  the  men  who  made  the  land  their  home.  The 
third  is  the  message  which  the  seers  of  Israel  gave  to  the 
world. 

The  background  of  the  message  of  the  Bible  is  the  unfolding 
providence  of  God  expressed  in  the  development  of  the 
political  and  religious  ideas  of  God's  people  of  Israel.  We 
must  know  how  they  lived  and  with  whom,  what  they  did 
and  what  they  thought.  The  background  of  the  history  is 
the  geographical  setting  which  made  the  history  what  it  was. 
The  story  of  the  Hebrews  is  the  romance  of  history,  and 
Israel's  place  in  the  world  has  been  determined  in  no  small 
degree  by  her  place  on  the  world. 

Geography  and  history  are  vitally  connected.  The  study 
of  the  one  must  be  interwoven  with  the  study  of  the  other. 
Geography,  apart  from  history,  is  abstract  and  uninteresting. 
History,  apart  from  geography,  is  meaningless.  History  makes 
geography  vital  because  it  reveals  the  hills  and  plains,  the 
rivers  and  seas  as  the  homes  of  men  and  the  theatre  of 
stirring  events.  Geography  gives  history  vividness  and 
reality.  In  the  light  of  Bible  geography  the  men  of  the 
Bible  stand  out  as  real  men  who  lived  in  our  world,  who 
thought  out  their  truth,  and  wrought  out  their  destiny  as  all 
nations  must. 

There  are  two  forms  of  geographical  study  which  apply  to 
religious  education,  physical  geography  and  historical  geog- 
raphy. The  first  gives  the  setting  and  the  second  the  se- 
quence of  events.  Purely  descriptive  geography  study  is  in- 
cluded in  historical  geography.  Physical  geography  at  once 
determines  and  interprets  much  of  the  history  and  many  of 
the  stories  of  the  Bible.  Confined  within  narrow  limits  by 
the  desert,  the  sea,  and  the  mountains,  Palestine  seems  to 
be  as  distinct  among  the  lands  as  its  people  among  the 


vi  Foreword 

nations.  The  physical  characteristics  of  the  land  are  both 
striking  and  of  profound  significance.  It  lay  as  a  narrow 
strip  between  the  desert  and  the  sea,  a  connecting  link  be- 
tween the  great  civilizations  of  the  Nile  and  the  Euphrates. 
The  strip  itself  is  broken  into  zones  of  widely  different 
character.  Going  inland  from  the  sea,  there  is  first  a  fertile 
coast  plain,  which  was  a  highway  and  a  battleground  for  all 
nations.  Rising  from  the  plain,  along  its  entire  length,  as 
the  Catskills  rise  from  the  Hudson  River  Valley,  and  to  the 
same  height,  extends  the  central  range.  Beyond  that  is  the 
deep  Jordan  Valley.  The  fall  from  the  Judean  hills  to  the 
Dead  Sea  is  four-fifths  of  a  mile  in  a  distance  of  twenty 
miles.  Beyond  the  valley  the  eastern  plateau  stretches  off 
to  the  desert. 

In  all  literalness  the  people  of  Israel  were  enisled  among 
the  nations.  In  two  directions  they  faced  the  desert  and  the 
desert  men.  On  the  other  sides  the  men  and  the  life  of  all 
the  known  world  lured  and-  imperilled  them.  The  men  of 
Israel  were  at  once  in  touch  with  all  nations  and  yet,  by 
the  paradox  of  history,  were  isolated  from  them  by  their 
mountain  homes  and  their  natural  bulwarks.  The  current 
of  the  world's  life  flowed  beside  them,  but  they  were  suf- 
ficiently separated  to  develop  their  own  life. 

The  study  of  the  physical  geography  will  give  the  back- 
ground and  the  setting  for  the  history  as  nothing  else  will. 
Historical  geography  will  locate  events  both  in  place  and 
in  time.  To  associate  places  with  the  events  will  invest  the 
places  forever  with  reality.  To  associate  the  events  with 
places  will  show  them  in  their  relationship  and  sequence  and 
will  thus  be  an  invaluable  aid  to  the  memory.  The  most  ef- 
fective method  of  study  is  by  means  of  such  expressive  ac- 
tivities as  Dr.  Smith  has  outlined  in  the  following  pages.  In 
relief  and  in  color  work  the  four  zones  of  Palestine,  with  their 
determinating  influence  on  the  history,  will  be  made  clear.  By 
coloring  in  political  boundaries  the  pupil  will  learn  the  rela- 
tion of  the  nations  to  each  other,  and  the  broad  sweep  of 
history  will  be  made  clear.  By  placing  events  in  order  upon 
a  map,  the  details  of  history  will  be  made  clear. 

MILTON  S.  LITTLEFIELD. 


INTRODUCTION 

For  many  years  there  has  been  a  crying  need  for  Bible 
Geography  to  make  real  and  vivid  the  stirring  stories  of 
Sacred  Writ.  A  number  of  large  text-books,  like  the  splen- 
did volumes  of  George  Adam  Smith,  John  B.  Calkin  and 
Robert  Laird  Stewart,  have  been  available;  but  their  very 
size,  thoroughness,  and  cost  withal,  have  precluded  their 
general  study  by  the  average  lay  teacher. 

There  has  also  been  demand  for  a  satisfactory  course  in 
this  subject  in  the  Subject-Graded  Curriculum  of  progressive 
Sunday-schools.  Only  one  such  course  has  hitherto  been 
produced,  and  that  is  too  abstract  and  difficult,  as  well  as 
lacking  in  picturesque  interest. 

We  have  endeavored  in  this  little  hand-book  to  provide  for 
both  of  these  requirements  at  a  minimum  cost.  We  have 
compiled  a  reading  book,  presenting  the  Holy  Land  in 
travel  form,  not  separating  the  mountains,  rivers,  etc.,  into 
separate  skeleton  chapters ;  but  fusing  the  entire  physical 
picture,  placing  each  in  contiguous  relations,  and  welding 
with  the  description,  picture,  and  map  of  each  city  or  site, 
the  Biblical  events  in  chronological  order,  associated  with 
that  locality,  together  with  the  Scripture  reference.  This  has 
thus  developed  an  excellent  hand-book  for  the  teachers  and 
clergy. 

In  addition,  for  the  school  classes  and  individual  pupils, 
we  have  appended  to  each  chapter  questions  for  clinching 
the  reading  and  directions  for  manual  and  map  work,  tend- 
ing to  fix  and  test  the  results  of  study.  They  will  be  found 
invaluable  for  the  adult  reader  as  well. 

For  those  who  desire  to  pursue  deeper  research,  or  to  ac- 
quire additional  material  for  application  as  teachers  and 
leaders  of  classes,  a  list  of  useful  reference  books  is  given. 

WM.  WALTER  SMITH. 
December,  1910. 


REFERENCE  BOOKS  FOR  FURTHER 
READING 

For  the  advantage  of  teachers  and  pupils,  who  may  have 
access  to  books  from  public  or  private  libraries,  or  who  may 
be  able  to  purchase  such,  a  list  of  the  best  books  bearing 
upon  Biblical  Geography  and  Customs,  as  well  as  of  the  best 
Maps  and  Materials  for  Self-Expression,  is  appended  below. 
Those  marked  with  a  star  (*)  are  particularly  commendable. 


BOOKS   ON   BIBLICAL 
GEOGRAPHY. 

*Historical  Geography  of  the  Holy 
Land.  George  Adam  Smith. 
$4.50. 

*  Historical  Geography  of  Bible 
Lands.  John  B.  Calkin.  $i. 

*The  Land  of  Israel.  Prof.  Rob- 
ert Laird  Stewart,  D.D. 
$1.50. 

The  Rand  McNally  Bible  Atlas. 
Rev.  J.  L.  Hurlbut.  $2.75. 

*Bible  Places.  Rev.  H.  B.  Tris- 
tram. $1.50. 

*In  the  Master's  Country.  (Pal- 
estine) Miss  Martha  Tarbell. 
5oc. 

Sacred  Geography  and  Antiqui- 
ties. Rev.  E.  P.  Barrows, 
D.D.  75C. 

* Peasant  Life   in   Palestine.      Rev. 

C.  F.  Wilson.     $3.50. 
Galilee    in    the    Time    of    Christ. 

Rev.    Selah  Merrill.     $i. 
Today     in     Palestine.       Rev.     H. 
Dunning,    Ph.DT      $2. 

*Out  of  Doors  in  the  Holy  Land. 
Rev.  Henry  J.  Van  Dyke, 
D.D.  $1.50. 

MAP    BOOKS    AND    ATLASES 
WITHOUT    DESCRIPTION. 

*The    Commission    Atlas.      Paper. 

62    Maps.      isc. 
*The  S.  P.  C.  K.  Atlas.     16  Maps. 

Suarto  page.     250. 
et   Atlas.      12    Maps.    Good, 

but  not  up  to  date.      50. 


* Travis  Handmap  Books,  (a)  Old 
Testament.  (b)  Times  of 
Christ.  (c)  Apostolic  Times. 
4oc.  each. 

WALL  AND  CLASS  MAPS. 

SMALL. 

*Ways,  Walks  and  Words  of  the 
Master.  Meigs.  Gives  place 
and  event.  Pa.  soc.  Cloth, 

*New       Testament       Wall       Map. 

Smith  &  Lamar.     250. 
*Collotype     Relief      Map.        Arm- 


strong.      $1.25. 
Gem      Clay      Relief 


$5. 


.       Map. 
Packing    extra. 
Class  Map    Charts,   in   case.      Six 
maps.     $2.65.      Each  map   500. 


'The  Kent  Wall  Maps,  eight 
sheets,  12  maps.  Set  $15. 
Each  $2.50  and  $2. 

'The  MacCalla  Wall  Maps.  Old 
Test.,  New  Test.,  Relief, 
Journeys  of  Christ,  Jerusalem 
Picture.  $2.50  each. 
A.  S.  S.  U.  Cloth  Maps,  un- 
mounted. Very  accurate. 
Five  maps.  $i  each. 

LARGE   RELIEF. 

*Relief  Wall  Map  of  Palestine. 
Burton.  $14.  Reduced  from 
$50.  Papier  mache. 

*Palestine  Exploration  Fund  Plas- 
ter Map.  Palestine.  Very 
fine. 

ix 


Reference  Books  for  Further  Reading 


OUTLINE         WALL         MAPS, 

PAINTED  ON  BLACKBOARD 

CLOTH. 

Four  Maps,  Palestine,  Sinai  and 
Egypt,  Mesopotamia.  Roman 
World.  $3  each. 

OUTLINE     CLASS     MAPS     ON 
PAPER. 

THE     LITTLEFIELD     AND     COMMISSION 
OUTLINE    BIBLE     MAPS. 

All   2c.   each,    i2c.  per  dozen,   ;sc. 

per    100,   in   any  mixture. 
a.   Palestine   in  the  world  on   Mer- 

cator   Projection. 

1.  Period    of    the    Patriarchs   and 

Exodus. 

2.  Period    of    the    Judges,     1270- 

1030. 

3.  Period     of     the     Kingdom     of 

Saul,    1030-1010. 

4.  Period  of  David  and  Solomon, 

1000-937. 

5.  Divided    Kingdom    to    Revolu- 

tion  of  Jehu,   937-842. 

6.  Early     Assyrian     Period,     842- 

824. 

7.  Syrian   Conquests   in   Reign   of 

Hazael,  814-797. 

8.  Assyrian    Conquests    of    Syria, 

797-783. 

9.  Period    of    Jeroboam    II.,    780- 

740. 

10.  Conquests      of      Tiglath-Pileser 

HI.,    733-727. 

11.  Fall    of    Israel    and    Period    of 

Hezekiah,     727-695. 

12.  Scythian    Invasion   and    Period 

of  Josiah,   639-608. 

13.  Babylonian    Period,    605-586. 

14.  Period    of    the    Exile,    586-536. 

15.  Persian     Period,     536-332. 

I.   Palestine    in    Time    of    Christ. 
III.  Palestine   for   Early  Apostolic 
History. 

*THE     BAILEY     SERIES. 

Provides  Maps  and  Key  Maps. 
(Map  i)  The  Hebrew  World. 
(Key  i)  Positions  of  Eastern 
Empires  in  times  of  Abraham, 
Moses,  David,  Hezekiah,  Zede- 
kiah,  and  Nehemiah.  (Key  i 
a)  Eastern  Empires  at  times 
of  Alexander,  Eleazar  II.,  the 
Maccabees,  Caesar,  Christ,  and 
Present  Age.  (Map  2)  Con- 
tour Maps  of  Palestine.  (Key 
2)  Physical  Maps  of  Palestine, 
with  Cross  Sections.  (Key 
2  a  Special,  2c.)  The  same, 


small  size,  for  coloring.  (Key 
2  a)  Location  of  Old  Testa- 
ment Places.  (Key  2  b)  Lo- 
cation of  New  Testament 
Places.  (Map  3)  Sinai,  with 
Egypt  and  Palestine.  (Key 
Map  3*)  Routes  of  the  Ex- 
odus and  Wilderness  Wan- 
derings. (Map  4)  Plain  of 
Esdraelon.  (Key  Map  4*) 
Important  New  and  Old  Tes- 
tament Places.  *Note  that 
Keys  3  and  4  are  on  one 
sheet.  (Map  5)  Contour  Map 
of  Jerusalem  and  Environs. 
(Key  Map  5)  City  Walls  and 
Important  Old  and  New  Tes- 
tament Sites.  (New  Map  5) 
The  same  in  Half-tone. 
(Map  6)  The  Early  Christian 
World.  (Key  Map  6)  The 
Journeys  of  St.  Paul. 
These  maps  are  accurate  even  to 
the  smallest  details,  on  good 
paper  to  take  ink,  crayon,  or 
water  color.  Of  uniform  and 
standard  size.  A  complete 
historical  series  of  fifteen 
maps.  (Two  sizes,  7^/2  x  gl/2 
inches,  zc.  each;  7sc.  per  hun- 
dred; $6.75  per  thousand. 
Small  size,  4^  x  6^  inches, 
ic.  each;  loc.  per  dozen;  45c. 
per  hundred;  $4  per  thousand. 
Key  Maps,  sc.  each  sheet,  in 
any  quantity  retail.) 

*THE    BLAKESLEE    OUTLINE     MAPS. 

They  may  be  used  by  any  school 
or  class  desiring  the  best  and 
most  practical  outline  maps 
for  Sunday  School  use. 

Map  No.  i.  Large  Outline  Map 
of  Palestine. 

Map  No.  10.  Large  Outline  Map 
of  the  Roman  Empire. 

Size  of  these  maps,  8  x  12^/2 
inches.  Printed  on  heavy 
bristol  board  for  class  use. 
They  are  to  be  developed  by 
the  class* as  the  lessons  are 
studied  from  week  to  week. 
The  maps  have  a  good  sur- 
face to  take  ink,  water  color, 
or  colored  crayons.  Either 
map,  10  cents  each;  75c.  per 
dozen,  not  prepaid. 

Map   No.    i  A. 

Map  No.  10 A. 

These  maps  are  the  same  as  those 
of  same  number,  Nos.  i  and 
10  above,  except  that  they  are 
printed  on  regular  thin  map 
paper.  These  can  be  mounted 


Reference  Books  for  Further  Reading 


XI 


on  cardboard  or  folded  and 
used  in  the  note-book.  50. 
each;  3oc.  per  doz. 

Map   No.   2.  Egypt    and    Palestine. 

For  tracing  Mary  and  Joseph's 
journey  to  Bethlehem,  the 
Flight  into  Egypt,  and  the  Re- 
turn to  Nazareth. 

Map  No.  3.  Palestine.  Showing 
rivers,  seas  and  boundaries. 

Map  No.  38.  Palestine.  Showing 
rivers,  seas,  plains  and  moun- 
tains. 

Map  No.  4.  Palestine,  Showing 
the  Principal  Roads  in  the 
Time  of  Christ. 

Map  No.  5.  Galilee.  Showing 
mountains  and  plains,  etc. 

Map  No.  6.  Central  Palestine. 
Showing  mountains  and 
plains,  etc. 

Map  No.  7.  Jerusalem  and  Vi- 
cinity. For  the  events  in  and 
around  Jerusalem. 

Map  No.  8.  Syria  and  Adjacent 
Countries. 

In  S.  Paul's  early  life,  conver- 
sion and  first  missionary  jour- 
ney. 

Map  No.  9.  Eastern  Part  of  the 
Roman  Empire. 

In  S.  Paul's  missionary  journeys 
and  voyage  to  Rome. 

These  nine  maps  are  each  4x5^ 
inches,  and  are  printed  on 
good  paper,  to  take  ink, 
crayon  or  water  color. 

(Maps  2,  3,  36,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 
any  assortment,  xoc.  per 
dozen;  500.  per  100.) 

Colored  Map  of  Palestine. 

Colored  Map  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  (2c.  each,  isc.  per 
dozen.) 

OUTLINE    WALL    MAPS    IN 
ONE  COLOR. 

THE     COOK     SERIES. 

Journeys  of  the  Patriarchs,  Canaan 
After  the  Conquest,  Empire 
of  David  and  Solomon,  The 
Kingdoms  of  Israel  and  Judah, 
Ancient  Jerusalem,  Palestine 
in  Time  of  Christ,  Journeys 
of  Jesus.  S.  Paul's  First 
Missionary  Journey,  Mission- 
ary Travels  of  the  Apostle 
Paul.  Size  15  x  21  and  21  x 
24  inches.  On  heavy  paper, 
with  eyelets  for  hanging,  ioc. 
each;  the  same  series  on  good 
cloth,  2oc.  each. 


New  Testament  Palestine.  Out- 
line. Cloth.  No.  150.  S.  S. 
Com.  SQC. 

Roman  World.  Outline.  Cloth. 

No.  151.  S.  S.  Com.  SQC. 

THE     HODGE    SERIES. 

Wall  Maps  (on  heavy  manila  pa- 
per), to  be  developed  by  the 
class.  (A)  Palestine,  60  x  40 
inches.  (B)  Old  Testament 
World,  20  x  30  inches.  (C) 
Nen.'  Testament  World,  20  x 
30  inches.  35c.  each;  $3  per 
doz. 

GENERAL  MATERIALS  FOR 
HAND  WORK. 

*Sand    Tables.      "The    Commission 

Table,"  the  best  made,  tilting, 

revolving,    zinc    lined,    3    feet 

by  4  feet.      $12. 

*Rockaway   Sand.      $1.25    per   bar- 
rel. 
*S.   S.  Men  Poles  for  Cities,    etc. 

SGC   a  box. 
*Hailmann's     Lentils,      No.      458. 

3oc.    per   box    of    %    inch.      6 

Colors.       1,000. 
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xii  Reference  Books  for  Further  Reading 

Borders    and    Initial    Letters    for  Perry,        Eliott,        Heidelberg, 

Coloring  and  Mounting  Book's.  Sunday      School      Times      Co. 

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Collerboard.  Bible  Pictures,  in  Order,  from 
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Brown,    Wilde,    Union    Press,  paid. 


PICTURES  OF  PLACES  AND  SCENERY 

A  number  of  attractive  pictures  have  been  inserted  in  this 
Course.  Separate  pictures  illustrative  of  the  Places  in  these 
Chapters  may  be  found  in  the  list  below.  A  Special  Hand- 
book, with  over  14,000  listings  of  Religious  Pictures,  ar- 
ranged in  Bible  order,  has  been  compiled  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  New  York  Commission,  as  a  manual  of  122  pages, 
selling  at  5  cents,  postage,  3  cents  extra.  Every  teacher 
ought  to  possess  this  Hand-book,  and  supply  material  for 
those  who  are  able  and  willing  to  do  advanced  work  in  Illus- 
trated Essays  and  Notebooks,  inserting  pictures,  maps,  draw- 
ings, etc.,  as  is  becoming  now  the  custom  in  progressive  Bible 
Class  Work. 

Picture  Hand-book.  Rev.  Wm.  Walter  Smith,  M.  D.,  5 
cents,  postage,  3  cents. 

Bible  Places.  H.  B.  Tristram.  (London,  imp.  by  Gorham, 
cloth,  $1.50  net.) 

There  are  also  fine  series  of  Palestinian  Views  for  the 
Stereoscope,  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  and  White,  at 
20  cents  each,  with  stereoscopes  extra  at  90  cents  and  $1.00. 

All  of  these  pictures  are  furnished  in  any  assortment  at 
the  publishers'  prices  by  the  New  York  Sunday  School  Com- 
mission, Inc.,  416  Lafayette  Street,  New  York,  the  largest 
purveyors  of  religious  pictures  in  the  world. 

See  Note  as  to  Lantern  and  Reflectoscope  Lectures, 
page  xxi. 

Key  Initials. 

Bm.,  B. — Geo.  P.  Brown,  Beverley,  Mass. 
Pm.,  P.— Perry  Co.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

W.— Wilde    Pictures,    W.    A.    Wilde    Co.,    Boston    and 

Chicago. 

Co. — Cosmos  Picture  Co.,  New  York. 
Cdr. — Card  Series,  Sunday  School  Commission. 

H.— Heidelberg  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
U.  P.— Union  Press,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
T. — Tissot  Co.,  S.  S.  Commission. 

S.  S.  T.— The  Sunday  School  Times  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
5cu.     Smu. — Soule  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 
U.  &  U.— Underwood  &  Underwood,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
A.  A.  C— Detroit  Photochrome  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


XIV 


Pictures  of  Places  and  Scenery 


The  prices  range  thus : 

Half-cent  Pictures,  Elliot,  Brown,  Perry. 
Penny  Pictures,  Perry,  Brown,  Wilde,  Union  Press, 
Heidelberg,  Tissot,  The  Sunday  School  Times. 
Two-cent  Pictures,  Cosmos,  Card. 
Five-cent  Pictures,  Perry,  Brown,  Cosmos. 
Seventeen-cent  Pictures,  Underwood  &  Underwood. 
Twenty-cent  Pictures,  Soule  Co.,  Scu. 
Twenty-five-cent  Pictures,  Soule  Co.,  Smu. 
Thirty-five-cent  Pictures,  Detroit  Co. 

LIST  OF  PICTURES. 


PALESTINE. 

Palestine,  Relief  Map  of.  U.  & 
U.  Ster.  Ch.  7. 

ANTIOCH. 

Antioch,  General  View.  S.  S.  T. 
100. 

ARABAH. 

Arabah,  The  Region  of.  S.  S.  T. 
202. 

ATHENS. 
Athens,    Interior   View   Theatre   of 

Bacchus.      W.    458. 
Athens,    the   Acropolis.      A.    A.    C. 

17292. 

Athens,  Mars'  Hill.  W.  457;  U. 
&  U.  Ster.  Greece  (no  num- 
ber). 

BABYLON. 
Babylon,   Restoration  of.     S.   S.  T. 

102. 

A  Mound  at  the  site  of  Ancient 
Babylon.  S.  S.  T.  101. 

BETHANY. 

Bethany,  Lower  Road  to.  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Pal.  33. 

Bethany,  S.  S.  T.  238;  W.  222; 
Co.  3104;  A.  A.  C.  15045;  B. 
893;  W.  223. 

Bethany,  Where  Our  Lord  was 
Anointed  by  Mary,  S.  from 
eastern  slope  of  Olivet.  Pal- 
estine U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  27, 
Pal.  36. 

Bethany,  Palestine,  House  of 
Mary  and  Martha.  S.  S.  T. 
250;  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal.  37- 

Bethany,  Palestine,  Tomb  of 
Lazarus.  W.  224;  A.  A.  C. 
15045;  S.  S.  T.  249. 

Bethany,   Home  in.      S.   S.   T.    103. 

BETHEL. 

Bethel  (General  View),  U.  £  U. 
Ster.  Pal.  3334;  Scu.  12351; 
A.  A.  C.  15054;  S.  S.  T.  104. 


Bethel,  Palestine,  The  Gathering 
of  Tares  from  Wheat,  in  the 
Stony  Fields.  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
O.  T.  3,  Pal.  53. 

Bethel,  Stony  ground  of.  S.  S.  T. 
105. 

Bethel  and  Dan.     S    S.  T.   112. 

BETHLEHEM. 
Bethlehem     (General    View).      W. 

175;    Co.    3109;     Scu.     12352; 

Smu.   12352;  A.  A.  C.  Pan.  s. 

4515;     A.     A.     C.     ex.     3071; 

S    S.    T.    106. 
Bethlehem,       the       Birthplace       of 

Christ.      Co.    3110;    U.    &    U. 

Ster.     Pal.     39;     Scu.     12353; 

Smu.     12353. 
Bethlehem,       Birthplace       of       St. 

Helena.       Scu.     12354;     Smu. 

12354- 

Bethlehem,  Peasants  of  the  Neigh- 
borhood of.     A.   A.   C.    15138. 
Bethlehem,       View       within       the 

Walls.      A.    A.    C.    15143. 
Young    Women    of    Bethlehem    in 

Costume.      A.    A.    C.    15109. 
Bethlehem,    Group    of    Women    of. 

A.   A.   C.    15114. 

Bethlehem,  Field  of  the  Shep- 
herd's Watch.  W.  177;  U.  & 

U.    Ster.    O.    T.    30;    S.    S.    T. 

107. 
Bethlehem,      Pools      of      Solomon. 

A.   A.   C.    15042. 
Bethlehem,    General    View    of    the 

Well    of    David.       A.     A.     C. 

15038. 
Bethlehem    of    Judea,    where    King 

David     and     Our     Lord     were 

Born.        Palestine     U.     &     U. 


Road     to     Bethlehem,     from     Jaffa 


Ster.    Ch.    3. 

ilehem,     from     Jc 
Gate.         Scu.       12347;       Smu. 

Bethlehem,  David's  Well,  W.    176; 
A.   A.   C.    15038. 


lectures  of  Places  and  Scenery 


xv 


Bethlehem  of  Judea,  A  Barley 
Harvest  near.  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
O.  T.  29;  Pal.  40. 

Bethlehem,  Church  of  the  Nativ- 
ity (Interior).  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Pal.  38. 

Bethlehem,  Grotto  of  the  Nativ- 
ity. W.  174;  Scu.  12356; 
Snui.  12356;  A.  A.  C.  15041. 

Bethlehem,  Cave  and  the  Cradle. 
A.  A.  C.  15040. 

Bethlehem,  Manger  at.  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Pal.  3314. 

Bethlehem,  Main  Street  of,  lead- 
ing from  the  Church  of  the 
Nativity  (looking  N.  W.). 
Palestine  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  2. 

Bethlehem,  Entry  of  Pilgrims  on 
Christmas  Day.  Co.  3108; 
Scu.  12355;  Smu.  12355;  S. 
S.  T.  108. 

BETH-SHAN. 

Beth-Shan,      where      Saul's     Body 

was    Taken.      U.    &    U.    Ster. 

Pal.    3346. 
Beth-Shan,    up   the   Valley    of   Jez- 

reel.     U.  &  U.  Ster.  O.  T.  32. 
From       Beth-Shan       to       Hill       of 

Moreh.      U.    &    U.    Ster.    Pal. 

3347'         CANA. 

Cana    of   Galilee.      W.    212;    U.    & 

U.   Ster.   Pal.   80;   Scu.    12357; 

Smu.    12357;   A.  A.   C.    15067; 

S.  S.  T.   138. 
Cana   of  Galilee,  Palestine,   In  the 

Court  of  a  Village  Home.     U. 

&  U.   Ster.   O.   T.   28;  Ch.    17. 
Canaan,  The  Borders  of.     S.  S.  T. 

206. 

CAPERNAUM. 

Site     of    Capernaum    and     Sea    of 

Galilee.      W.     213;     S.     S.    T. 

no. 
Capernaum.   The  Ruins  of.      A.   A. 

C.    15073. 
Galilee,    Christ's    Home   in.      U.    & 

U.    Ster.   Pal.    87. 
A   City    Set   on  a    Hill.      S.    S.    T. 

207. 

CAESAREA   PHILIPPI. 

Old  Gate  to  Caesarea  Philippi,  at 
the  foot  of  Mt.  Hermon.  Pal- 
estine U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  25; 
Pal.  90. 

Summer  House  at  Caesarea  Phil- 
ippi; probably  the  "Taber- 
nacles" referred  to  by  St. 
Peter.  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  19; 
Pal.  91. 

Caesarea    Philippi.      S.    S.    T.    109. 


CORINTH. 
Corinth,  General  View.     A.   A.   C. 

18121;   S.   S.   T.    in. 
Site  of  Old   Corinth,   and  Temple. 

U.    &    U.    Ster.    Greece,    2413. 
Corinth,    The    Temple    in.       U.    & 

U.    Ster.   Pal.   2444. 

DAMASCUS. 
Ancient    Road    from    Palestine    to 

Damascus.       U.     &     U.     Ster. 

Pal.   89. 
Damascus,  from  Saliah.     A.  A.  C. 

15080. 

Damascus,  General  View  and  Min- 
aret  of  the    Bride.      A.    A.   C. 

15081. 
Abana      River.      "The      Sweetened 

Waters   of  Damascus."      Syria 

U.    &    U.    Ster.    O.    T.    42;    S. 

S.   T.  232. 
Damascus,      Stream      of      Barada. 

A.  A.    C.    15086. 
Damascus   and    Its  Gardens.    U.    & 

U.    Ster.   O.   T.  43;   Pal.  97. 
Damascus,      An      Interior      of      a 

House.      U.    &    U.    Ster.    Pal. 

99;  A.  A.   C.    15087. 
Damascus,  The  Court  of  a  House. 

A.  A.  C.   15088. 
Church   of   St.    John,   Tomb   of   St. 

John    the    Baptist.      U.    &    U. 

Ster.    Pal.    3339- 
Damascus,   Tomb  of    St.    John   the 

Baptist.         Co.       3128;       Scu. 

12338;    Smu.    12338. 
Damascus,       The      Gate      of      the 

"Street    Called    Straight."    A. 

A.  C.  15083. 
Damascus,      "The      Street      Called 

Straight."      A.    A.    C.    15082; 

U.   &.   U.   Ster.   Pal.   98. 
Damascus,   Wall   Over  which   Paul 

Escaped.     A.   A.   C.    15084. 
Damascus,     An     Oriental     Prison!. 

S.   S.  T;  208. 

DEAD   SEA  REGION. 
Dead  Sea,  North  Shore  of.     U.  & 

U.   Ster.  Pal.  45. 
Dead  Sea,  On  the  North  Shore  of, 

looking    S.    W.      Palestine    U. 

&  U.    Ster.    O.    T.    6. 
Dead    Sea.    Pisgah's    Slopes    over. 

U.  &  U.  Ster.  O.  T.   17. 

DOTHAN. 

Dothan,     Plain     of,    where    Joseph 

was    Sold    to    the    Ishmaelites. 

U.     &     U.     Ster.     O.     T.     10; 

Pal.    64. 
Dothan,    "Josenh's    Well."      U.    & 

U.    Ster.    Pal.    65. 
Dothan,    Joseph's    Pit.      S.    S.    T. 


XVI 


Pictures  of  Places  and  Scenery 


EGYPT. 

Egypt,    Palm-Fringed    Nile.      U.    & 

U.  Ster.  O.  T.   14. 
Egypt,    Road    to    Pyramids.    U     & 

U.  Ster.  O.  T.   n. 
Egypt,       Pyramids      and      Sphinx 

W.    179. 
Egypt,     Pyramids     and     Inundated 

Palms.      W.    178. 

Egypt,  Ruins  of  the   Granite  Tem- 
ple,    the     Sphinx     and     Great 

Pyramid.      U.    &    U.    Ster.    O. 

T.    12. 
On  Banks  of  River  Nile.    S.  S.  T. 

237- 
The  Suez  Canal  and  the  Red   Sea. 

S.   S.  T.   231. 
Egypt,    Brick    Store    Chambers    of 

Pithom,     the     City     Built     by 

Hebrew   Bondsmen.      U.   &   U. 

Ster.    O.    T.    15. 
Egypt,    Heliopolis.      W.     181. 
Egypt,    Coptic    Pilgrims   from.      U. 

&  U.  Ster.  Pal.  3327. 
Egypt,    Cairo,     Interior    of    Coptic 

Church.      W.   316. 
A   Section   of   the   Fertile  Land   of 

Goshen.      S.    S.  T.    212. 

EMMAUS. 

Emmaus,  Village  of  Amwas.  U. 
&  U.  Ster.  Pal.  7. 

ESDRAELON. 
Esdraelon,   Plain   of.      Scu.    12360; 

Smu.    12360;   S.   S.  T.   229. 
Esdraelon,      Laborers,      Plain      of. 

Scu.    12360;    Smu.    12360;    A. 

A.  C.  15141. 
The    River    Euphrates.      S.    S.    T. 

233. 

GALILEE. 
Galilee,    Sea    of.      W.    214;    Smu. 

12370;   S.  S.  T.  255. 
Galilee,    Sea    of    (View    of    Tiber- 
ias).    W.  215. 
Galilee,   Sea  of,   Fishing.     U.  &  U. 

Ster.   Pal.  85. 
Galilee,    Fishing    Boat    on    Sea    of 

Tiberias.      W.    308;    S.    S.    T. 

210. 

Galilee,  Life  on  the  Shores  of,  at 
Tiberias.  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch. 
13;  Pal.  84. 

Galilee,  Looking  S.  E.  along  the 
Eastern  Shore  of,  where  the 
Draught  of  Fishes  were  taken. 
U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  36. 

Sycamore  Trees  in  Holy  Land.  S. 
S.  T.  342. 

Looking  N.  E.  from  the  Mt.  of 
Beatitudes  to  Capernaum  and 
the  Sea  of  Galilee.  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Ch.  20;  Pal.  81. 

Palestine,  Cornfield.     S.  S.  T.  213. 


Road   Building  in   the   Holy  Land. 

S.   S.   T.   334. 

Shepherd   and    His   Dog.      W.    243. 
Druse     Shepherd     with     a     Lamb. 

W.   244. 
On    Mountains    of    Galilee.      S.    S. 

T.   209. 

HARAN. 
Haran,    A    Modern    View    of.       S. 

S.   T.    116. 

GAZA. 
Gaza.     S.  S.  T.   115. 

HEBRON 
Hebron,   General   View.      A.   A     C 

15043;  A.  A.  C.  Pan.  s.  4537; 

S.    S.    T.    117. 
Hebron,    the    Home    of    Abraham, 

Isaac    and    Jacob.       U.    &    U. 

Ster.   O.   T.   4;   Pal.   41. 
Hebron,     Abraham's     Tree.        Scu. 

12378;    Smu.    12378;   A.   A.   C. 

15044;    S.    S.   T.   200. 
Hebron,   Tombs   of  the  Patriarchs. 

A.  A.  C.   15144- 
Hebron,     Entrance    to    the     Burial 

Place  of  Abraham.     U.   &  U. 

Ster.  Pal.  3317. 
Mosque      Machpelah,      the      Burial 

Place   of   Abraham.      U.   &   U. 

Ster.  O.  T.  7;   Pal.  42. 
Hebron,    King's    Pool.       U     &    U 

Ster.  Pal.  3316. 

ITALY    (See    also    Rome). 
Italy,    Modern    (Turner),    B    1747. 

Florence,       Rn.       5036;       RL. 

55H2. 
Rome,       Baptismal       Fount       (St. 

Peter's).      Rn.    746. 
Pozzoull.     W.  304. 

JABBOK. 
Jabbok    Brook,    where    Jacob    and 

Esau     Met.       U.     &    U.     Ster. 

O.    T.    9. 

JAFFA    (Joppa). 
Jaffa,    from    the    Sea.      A.    A.    C. 

15001. 
Jaffa,      from     the     Garden.        Scu. 

12363;    Smu.    12363;  A.  A.   C. 

15002. 
Jaffa,    the    Joppa    of    Bible    Times. 

U.   &  U.    Ster.    Pal.    i;    Ch.    T. 
Jaffa,    House    of    Simon    the    Tan- 
ner.    W.   302;   U.  &   U.    Ster. 

Pal.    3. 
Jaffa,  Boat  and  Boatmen  of.     Scu. 

12364;   Smu.    12364;   A.  A.   C. 

15134- 
Jaffa,    Bazar    of.      U.    &    U.    Ster. 

Pal.   2. 
Jaffa,       Kiriath-jearin,       Terusalem 

Road.       U.     &    U.     Ster.     Pal. 

1855- 


Pictures  of  Places  and  Scenery 


XVll 


JERESH. 

Jerash  in  Gilead,  on  the  Pathway 
of  Jacob's  Return  to  Canaan; 
most  extensive  ruins  east  of 
Jordan,  looking  north.  U.  & 
U.  Ster.  O.  T.  8. 

JERICHO. 

Jericho,  from  the  Plains.     W.  210. 

Jericho  and  Mt.  Quarantana.  W. 
209. 

Jericho,  the  Dead  Sea.  A.  A.  C. 
15148-15050. 

Tericho.     W.  211,  S.  S.  T.   119. 

Jericho,  General  View.  A.  A.  C. 
15049. 

Mountains  of  Judea  from  Jericho. 
U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal.  48. 

Wilderness  of  Judea.  S.  S.  T. 
244. 

Jericho,  on  the  road  to — the  Para- 
ble of  the  Good  Samaritan. 
U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  26. 

Scene  of  the  Good  Samaritan  Epi- 
sode. Scu.  12369;  Smu. 
12369. 

Khan-el-Ahmar,  on  the  Road  to 
Jericho.  A.  A.  C.  15047. 

Bedouin  Robbers,  Road  to  Jeri- 
cho. U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal. 
33i8. 

Jericho,  Modern.     S.  S.  T.  118. 

JERUSALEM. 

From   Mt.   Ebal   to   Jerusalem.     U. 

&  U.   Ster.   O.  T.  22. 
Jerusalem,    from    Mt.    Scopus.      A. 

A.    C.    15031. 
Jerusalem,    the    City    of   the    Great 

King,     from    Mt.    Olives.      U. 

&  U.  Ster.  Ch.  30. 
Jerusalem,     the     Holy     City,     from 

N.    E.,    near    the    place    from 

which     it     was     first     seen     by 

Jesus.      U.   &  U.    Ster.   Ch.   8. 
Jerusalem,     and     the     Mount     of 

Olives.      U.    &    U.    Ster.    Pal. 

12;  Ch.  32. 
Jerusalem,   Mount  of  Olives.      Co. 

3100. 
Jerusalem,  from  Mt.  of  Olives.     B. 

997;     W.      192-193;     P.     1924; 

Co.   3101;   U.   &  U.   Ster.   Pal. 

18;    A.    A.    C.    15030;    A.    A. 

C.    Pan.    med.    4516. 
Jerusalem,    A    Glimpse    of.      S.    S. 

T.    137- 
Jerusalem,     the    Holy     City,     from 

the  N.   E.    (showing  the  whole 

city).      U.    &    U.    Ster.    O.    T. 

Jerusalem,  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat. 
W.  189;  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal. 
3280;  A.  A.  C.  15035;  S.  S. 
T.  243- 


Jerusalem,      Valley      of      Hinnom. 

U.  &  U.   Ster.   3281;   S.   S.  T. 

242. 
Jerusalem,     Brook    Kedron.       Scu. 

12332;  Smu.   12332. 
Valley   of    Kedron   and    Village   of 

Siloam    from    the    South.      U. 

&  U.  Ster.   Pal.   14;   O.  T.  48. 
Siloam.       W.     220;     Scu.     12374; 

Smu.    12374. 
Siloam  and  the  Tyrophean  Valley. 

A.  A.  C.   15036. 
Jerusalem.       B.     997;     U.     &     U. 

Ster.  Pal   n;  O.  T.  46;  A.  A. 

C.  ex.  3072. 
Jerusalem,     Wailing     Place.        W. 

197;  U.  &  U.   Ster.  O.  T.   51; 

A.  A.  C.  15024. 
Jerusalem,      Walls      and      Golden 

Gate.     W.   187;  U.  &  U.  Ster. 

Pal.   3287. 
Jerusalem,  Golden  Gate.     W.  204; 

A.  A.  C.   15025;   S.  S.  T.   123. 
Jerusalem,    the   Jaffa    Gate.      U.    & 

U.    Ster.    Pal.    10;    A.    A.    C. 

15008. 
Jerusalem,    Inside    the    Jaffa    Gate. 

W.     198;     Scu.     12335;     Smu. 

12335. 
Jerusalem,   S.    Stephen's  Gate.    W. 

201;     U.     &     U.      Ster.      Pal. 

3289;   A.-  A.   C.    15026. 
Jerusalem,      Damascus     Gate.      W. 

203;    U.    &   U.    Ster.    Pal.    29; 

A.  A.   C.    15027. 
Jerusalem,    the    Towers    of    David 

and  Hippicus.     W.  205;  A.  A. 

C.   15009. 
Jerusalem,   Street  of  the  Tower  of 

David.     A.  A.   C.    15010. 
Tower   of   David.      U.    &    U.    Ster. 

Pal.  9. 
Jerusalem,    Tower    and    Gate.       S. 

S.    T.    120. 
Jerusalem,    David's    Castle.      U.    & 

U.  Ster.  Pal.  3288. 
Jerusalem,    Tomb    of    David.      W. 

184. 
Jerusalem,       Upper       Room       over 

Tomb    of    David.      W.    191. 
Jerusalem,     Tomb     of    the    Kings. 

W.   200;    U.    &   U.    Ster.    Pal. 

16;  A.  A.  C.   15029. 
Jerusalem,  Tomb  of  Rachel.     Scu. 

12376;    Smu.    12376;   A.  A.   C. 


"Ne 


15037- 


Calvar 


ivarv 
:„!,  >» 


and     "Tomb     of 


Jeremiah."  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
0.  T.  47- 

Jerusalem,  Jeremiah's  Grotto. 
A.  A.  C.  15028;  S.  S.  T.  220. 

Jerusalem,  Site  of  Solomon's  Tem- 
ple. W.  202;  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
Pal.  30;  O.  T.  35;  A.  A.  C. 
15018. 


XV111 


Pictures  of  Places  and  Scenery 


Solomon's  Temple.      W.   384;   Scu. 

12336;    Smu.    12336. 
Jerusalem,     Stables     of     Solomon. 

Scu.   12348;  Smu.  12348;  U.  & 

U.  Ster.  Pal.  3285. 
Jerusalem,  Tower  of  Antonia.     W. 

185;    A.   A.    C.    15016. 
Jerusalem,    Site    of    the    Tower    of 

Antonia.      A.    A.    C.    15021. 
Jerusalem,        Lane        Leading       to 

Herod's    Palace.      W.    196. 
Street  Leading  to   Herod's   Palace. 

S.    S.    T.    214. 
Herod's    Temple.       W.    385;     Scu. 

12338;    Smu.    12338;    S.    S.   T. 

246. 
Mt.     Moriah,     where     the     Temple 

Altar    Stood.      U.    &    U.    Ster. 

Pal.    31. 
Nero's  Temple.      Scu.   12339;   Smu. 

I2339. 
Jerusalem,    Temple    Area.       S.     S. 

T.     122. 
Jerusalem,   Mosque   of   Omar.      W. 

193;  Co.  3141;  U.  &  U.   Ster. 

O.    T.    36;    Scu.    12341;    Smu. 

12341;  A.  A.  C.    15019;  A.  A. 

C.  ex.  3069. 

Jerusalem,  Mosque  of  Omar,  Trib- 
une   of    David.      Scu.     12343; 

Smu.   12343. 
Jerusalem,     Rock    of    the    Mosque 

of  Omar.      Scu.    12342;   A.   A. 

C.  15020. 
Jerusalem,      Mosque     of      El-Aksa. 

U.    &   U.    Ster.    Pal.    32;    Scu. 

12340;   A.   A.    C.    15023. 
Jerusalem,   Pool   of   Bethesda.      W. 

1 88;  B.  891;  S.  S.  T.  248. 
Jerusalem,   Pool   of  Hezekiah.     W. 

288;     U.     &    U.     Ster.     O.    T. 

44;  A.  A.  C.   15011. 
Pool     of     Siloam.        W.     221;     P. 

1934;    U.   &  U.    Ster.    Pal.    15; 

U.    &    U.    Ster.    Ch.    28;    Scu. 

I23445 
Jerusalem,  The  Rich  Man's  House. 

W.    1 86. 
Mount   of  Olives  and   Gethsemane. 

U.  &  U.   Ster.  O.  T.  34;  U.  & 

U.    Ster.    Pal.    17;    A.    A.    C. 

15034- 

Jerusalem,     Garden     of     Gethsem- 
ane  and    Mt.    of   Olives,    from 

the    Eastern    Wall.      U.    &    U. 

Ster.  Ch.   12. 
Brook     Kidron     and     Gethsemane. 

S.   S.  T.   252. 
Garden     of     Gethsemane,     Ancient 

Olive   Trees.      U.    &    U.    Ster. 

Ch.   33;   Pal.   35. 
Garden    of    Gethsemane    (View    i). 

W.    232;    P.    1925;    Co.    3103; 

A.  A.  C.   15033;  A.  A.  C.  ex. 

3128. 


Garden  of  Gethsemane  (View  2). 
W.  231. 

Garden  of  Gethsemane  (View  3). 
W.  233. 

Jerusalem,  the  Way  to  the  Sta- 
tion. A.  A.  C.  15007. 

Jerusalem,  Arch  of  Ecce  Homo. 
W.  190;  A.  A.  C.  15017. 

Jerusalem,  Via  Dolorosa  (Way  of 
Tears).  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal. 
3286;  A.  A.  C.  15015. 

House  of  S.  Veronica,  Jerusalem. 
W.  292. 

Jerusalem,  Via  Dolorosa — Sta- 
tions Ten  and  Eleven  (Latin 
Altar).  W.  296. 

Jerusalem,  Via  Dolorosa — Sta- 
tions Twelve  and  Thirteen 
(Greek  Altar).  W.  297;  Scu. 
12349;  Smu.  12349;  A.  A.  C. 
15014. 

Golgotha,    or   Calvary.      W.    234. 

Golgotha,  Place  of  Skull.  S.  S. 
T.  253. 

Jerusalem  from  Calvary.  S.  S.  T. 
257. 

Jerusalem,  Potter's  Field.  W. 
199. 

Fountain  of  the  Virgin.  W.  303; 
U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  5;  Pal.  72. 

Tomb  of  the  Virgin  and  Cave  of 
Agony.  A.  A.  C.  15032; 

Interior  of  the  Grotto  of  Agony. 
A.  A.  C.  15152. 

Rock  Tomb  showing  Stone 
Rolled  Away.  S.  S.  T.  241. 

"Tomb  of  Our  Lord,"  New  Cal- 
vary, outside  of  Jerusalem. 
U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  35;  Pal. 
27;  S.  S.  T.  240. 

Supposed  Tomb  of  Our  Lord.  S. 
S.  T.  240. 

"The  New  Calvary,"  outside 
Damascus  Gate.  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Ch.  34;  Pal.  26. 

Jerusalem,  Easter  Procession  of 
the  Greek  Patriarch,  enter- 
ing the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre.  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
Pal.  22. 

Jerusalem,  Church  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre.  W.  287;  U.  & 
U.  Ster.  Pal.  20;  A.  A.  C. 
15012. 

Jerusalem,  Church  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre  (Gates).  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Pal.  21;  Scu.  12333; 
Smu.  12333. 

Jerusalem,  Stairway  Leading  to 
Church  of  Holy  Sepulchre. 
W.  194- 

Jerusalem,  Interior  of  Church  of 
Holy  Sepulchre.  W.  195;  A. 
A.  C.  15013. 


Pictures  of  Places  and  Scenery 


XIX 


Traditional    Room    of    Our    Lord's 

Supper.     S.   S.   T.   251. 
Jerusalem,    Stone    of    Anointment, 

Church     of     Holy     Sepulchre. 

U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal.  3295. 
Jerusalem,     Beautiful     Church     of 

the   Armenian    Christians.      U. 

&   U.    Ster.   Pal.   24. 
Mount    of    Olives,    Church    of    the 

Ascension.      W.    236. 
Jerusalem,     Pulpit     of     the     Cadi- 

Borhan-ed-din.        A.      A.      C. 

15022. 
Jerusalem,    Road    of   the   Captivity. 

Sou.     12346;     Smu.     12346. 
Jerusalem,    Gate   of   the   Prison   of 

St.      Peter.        W.     300;      Scu. 

12345. 

Rock  of  the  Apostles.     W.  298. 
Jerusalem,   Types  of  Jews  in.     A. 

A.   C.    15129. 

Jerusalem,    Christian    Street — Mot- 
ley   Life    in    the    Holy    City's 

Bazar     District.        U.      &     U. 

Ster.   Pal.    19;   O.  T.    50. 
"Unclean,         Unclean" — Wretched 

Lepers    Outside    of   Jerusalem. 

U.    &    U.    Ster.    Ch.    18;    Pal. 

34- 
Jerusalem,    Cattle    Market    Day    in 

the     Lower     Pool     of     Gihon, 

Valley   of   Hinnom.      U.   &   U. 

Ster.    Pal.    13. 

Sacrifices  Near  the  Gates  of  Jeru- 
salem.    U.   &  U.    Ster.   O.   T. 

49;   Ch.   31. 

JEZREEL. 

Jezreel,    The     Ruins.       A.     A.     C. 

15061. 
Mt.   Gilboa  and   Valley  of  Jezreel. 

U.   &  U.    Ster.    Pal.    3348. 
An   Old   Watch    Tower   in    Jezreel. 

U.    &  U.    Ster.    Pal.    3349- 
Gideon's     Battlefield    and     Hill    of 

Moreh,     North     from     Jezreel. 

U.  &  U.   Ster.  O.  T.  26;   Pal. 

68. 
"By  the  Side  of  Still  Waters,"  on 

the    Plain    of    Jezreel.      U.    & 

U.   Ster.  Ch.   6;   Pal.   67. 

JORDAN   VALLEY. 

Benias,     Source    of     Jordan.       W\ 

305;   U.   &  U.    Ster.   O.   T.    5; 

Pal.     88;     Scu.     12350;     Smu. 

12350. 
Tel-el-Kadi,      Site      of      Dan     and 

Source  of  the  Jordan.     A.   A. 

C.  15074- 
Plain    of    the    Jordan.      U.    &    U. 

Ster.   O.  T.   20;   Pal.   50. 
Plain    of    the    Jordan,     Southeast, 

from     the     Ruins     of    Ancient 


Jericho.      U.    &    U.    Ster.    Ch. 

ii. 
Jordan      River.        P.      1921;      Scu. 

12367;    Smu.    12367;   A.  A.   C. 

15051;  S.  S.  T.  236. 
Jordan,     Palestine.       P.     1922;     S. 

S.   T.   234. 
Fords    of    the    Jordan.      W.    206; 

S.   S.   T.   235. 
Jordan,    Place   of  Baptism.      A.   A. 

C.    15052. 
Baptizing    in    the    Jordan.       U.    & 

U.   Ster.   Ch.    10;   Pal.  47. 
Bedouins    of    the    Jordan    District. 

A.   A.    C.    15125. 
Ain     Karin     Convent — St.     John's- 

in-the-Desert.      W.    306. 
Kadesh-Barnea.      S.    S.   T.   221. 

LEBANON. 
Cedars    of    Lebanon.       A.    A.     C. 

15106. 

LYDDA. 
Lydda    (The    Biblical    Lod),    View 

from     Southwest.       U.     &     U. 

Ster.    Pal.   5;   A.  A.   C.    15003. 
Lydda,     Birthplace     of     England  s 

Patron      Saint,      St.      George. 

U.    &    U.    Ster.    Pal.    3278. 
Lydda,     Crusaders'     Chapel     Over 

Tomb    of    St.    George.      U.    & 

U.   Ster.   Pal.   3279. 
Lydda,  Syrian  Travelers  near.     U. 

&  U.   Ster  Pal.   6. 

MACHAERUS. 

Machaerus.      S.    S.    T.    124. 

MAGDALA. 
Magdala,       Birthplace      of      Mary 

Magdalene.      W.    214;    A.    A. 

C.    15072. 

MAR-SABA. 

Mar-Saba  Convent.  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Pal.  43;  A.  A.  C.  15053. 

MIZPAH. 
Nebi-Samuel,      or     the      Plain      of 

Mispah.     A.  A.  C.    15006. 
From   Mispah   to  Rama.     U.   &  U. 
Ster.    O.    T.    21. 

MOUNT  OF  BEATITUDES. 

Mount  of  Beatitudes.  W.  217; 
Scu.  12366;  Smu.  12366;  A. 
A.  C.  15069;  S.  S.  T.  225. 

Mt.  of  Beatitudes  and  Mt.  Tabor. 
U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal.  3356. 

West  Shore  of  Galilee,  Plain  of 
Gennesaret,  and  Mt.  of  Beati- 
tudes, from  Bethsaida.  U.  & 
U.  Ster.  Ch.  23. 

Bethsaida,  Sea  of  Galilee,  and  Mt. 
of  Beatitudes.  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
Pal.  86. 


XX 


Pictures  of  Places  and  Scenery 


MOUNT    CARMEL. 
Mount   Carmel.      A.    A.   C.    15076; 

S.    S.    T.   222. 
River     Kishon     and     Mt.     Carmel. 

U.   &  U.   Ster.   Pal.   76. 
Carmel,  the  Mount  of  a  Thousand 

Valleys.      U.   &   U.    Ster.    Pal. 

1932. 

Plain    of    Esdraelon    and    Mt.    Car- 
mel.     U.   &  U.    Ster.    Pal.    75. 
Rock    of    Elijah's    Altar,    on    Mt. 

Carmel.     U.  &  U.  Ster.  O.  T. 

40;    Pal.    77. 
Village     of     Dalieh,     Mt.     Carmel. 

U.    &.  U.    Ster.    Pal.    1936. 

MOUNT   GERIZIM. 

Mount  Gerizim.  Scu.  12373;  Smu. 
12373;  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal. 
58;  A.  A.  C.  15057- 

Mt.  Gerizim,  where  the  Samari- 
tans Worshiped,  and  Steps 
to  Jacob's  Well,  looking 
southwest.  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
Pal.  56. 

From  Mt.  Ebal  to  Mt.  Gerizim. 
U.  &  U.  Ster.  Ch.  15. 

Sychar  and  Mt.  Gerizim.  U.  & 
U.  Ster.  Pal.  3338. 

Passover  as  Celebrated  To-day  by 
the  Samaritans,  Mt.  Geri- 
zim. U.  &  U.  Ster.  O.  T.  16. 

MOUNT  GILBOA. 
Gideon's    Spring,    Mt.    Gilboa.      U. 
&  U.   Ster.  O.  T.  25;  Pal.  66. 

MOUNT  HERMON. 

Mount  Hermon  and  Plain  of  Ta- 
bor. A.  A.  C.  15149. 

Mount  Hermon,  Where  Jesus  was 
Transfigured.  Co.  3135;  Scu. 
12365;  Smu.  12365;  A.  A.  C. 
15075- 

MOUNT    HOR. 
Mount  Hor.     S.   S.  T.  223. 

MOUNT   NEBO. 
From    Mt.    Nebo    to    the    Promised 
Land.      U.    £   U.    Ster.    O.    T. 
18;  Pal.  46;   S.   S.  T.   224. 

MOUNT  TABOR. 

Mount  Tabor.     A.  A.  C.   15063. 

From  Mt.  Tabor  to  the  Hill  of 
Moreh.  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal. 
70. 

Looking  South  from  Mt.  Tabor 
to  the  Hill  of  Moreh.  Pales- 
tine U.  &  U.  Ster.  O.  T.  24. 

NAIN. 
Nain.     W.  218;  A.  A.  C.   15062. 


Village  of  Nain  and  Mt.  Tabor, 
looking  northeast.  U.  &  U. 
Ster.  Ch.  21;  Pal.  69;  S.  S. 
T.  125. 

NAZARETH. 
Nazareth.       W.     183;     B.    890;     P. 

1923;   U.   &  U.   Ster.   Pal.   71; 

A.  A.  C.    15064;  A.  A.   C.  ex. 

3073;    S.    S.   T.    126. 
Nazareth,      across      the     Plain      of 

Esdraelon.       U.     &     U.     Ster. 

Ch.   4. 
From    Mt.     Ebal    to    Mt.    Gerizim. 

U.    &    U.    Ster.    Ch.    15. 
Nazareth;   from   Road  to  Cana.     A. 

A.    C.    15065. 
Nazareth    and    Hill    Country.      W. 

182;    Co.    3123. 
Christian   Girl  of  Nazareth.     U.   & 

U.    Ster.    Pal.    74. 
Nazareth,     the     Place     the     People 

Wished       to       Throw       Christ 

Over  the  Precipice.     W.   183. 
Nazareth,    Interior    of   the    Church 

of    the    Annunciation.      A.    A. 

C.    15151. 
Carpenter   Shop.      S.    S.   T.    127. 

PETRA. 

Petra,  An  Altar  of  Baal.  S.  S. 
T.  201. 

RAMAH. 

Ramah,    A    Street    in.      U.    &    U. 

Ster.    Pal.    52. 
Ramah,    A    Woman    of.      U.    &   U. 

Ster.    Pal.    3329. 
Ramah,    A    Greek    Priest    Blessing 

the     Village     Children.      U.    & 

U.   Ster.   Ch.  29. 

RAMLEH. 

Ramleh   Tower  of   the   Forty   Mar- 
tyrs.    A.  A    C.   15005. 
Ramleh,     Panoramic     View    Taken 

from   the   Tower  of   the   Forty 

Martyrs.      A.    A.    C.    15004. 

ROME    (See   also   Italy). 
Rome,    Bird's    Eye    View    from    St. 

Peter's.      A     A.    C.    Pan.   med. 

4555;   U.   &  U.    Ster.   Rome  4. 
Rome,     Appian     \Vay.       P.      1743; 

Tba.     3050,     3051;     W.     315; 

Tsa.    3050,    3051;    Tpa     3050, 

3051;     Rn.     614,     5143,     615; 

RL.     2024,     2025;     A.     A.     C. 

3136;  U.  &  U.  Ster    Rome  44- 
Rome,    the    Coliseum.       U.    &    U. 

Ster.     Rome     30;     A.     A.     C. 

1176;  A.  A    C.  3138. 
Rome,      Sculpture,      Showing      the 

Seven-Branch     Candlestick     in 

the   Arch   of  Titus.      S.    S.   T. 

337- 


Pictures  of  Places  and  Scenery  xxi 


Rome,   Palatine.     A.  A.  C.  3135 

Rome,  General  View  from  the 
Palatine.  A.  A.  C.  8577. 

Rome,  the  Forum  from  the  Pala- 
tine. A  A.  C.  8587. 

Rome,  the  Forum,  U.  &  U.  Ster. 
Rome  1991;  A.  A.  C.  1177. 

Rome,  the  Parthenon.  A.  A.  C. 
8573;  U.  &  U.  Ster.  Rome 

Romef'St.  Paul's  House.     S.  S.  T. 

256;  P.    1769. 

SAMARIA. 
Samaria,   General    View.      W.   229; 

Scu.    12368;    Smu.    12368;    U. 

&  U.  Ster.  O.  T.  39;  A.  A.  C. 

15058;  S.  S.  T.   130. 
Samaria,      Herod's     Capital      City. 

U.    &    U.    Ster.    Pal.    3340 
Samaria,    Ancient    City    of.      U.    & 

U.    Ster.   62;    S.   S.   T     131. 
House-tops    of    Samaritan    Houses. 

W.  227. 
Samaria,  the  Colonnade.     A.  A.  C. 

15059- 
Samaria,  Threshing  Floor,  at.     U. 

&  U.  Ster.  Pal.  3341. 
Road   from    Samaria   to  Jerusalem 

S.   S.   T.  239. 
The    Inn    of   the   Good    Samaritan. 

S.   S.  T.  219. 
Samaria,    Group    of    Lepers.       W. 

228. 
Samaria,    Jacob's    Well.      W.    312; 

S.   S.'T.   247. 
A     Samaritan     Woman    at    Jacob's 

Well.     U.  &  U    Ster.   Ch.   16; 

Pal.     57. 
Mr.   Ebal  and  Joseph's  Tomb.     U. 

£  U.  Ster.  Pal.  3375 
Road   from    Samaria  to  Jenin.      U. 

&  U.  Ster.   Pal.  3345. 
Herod's    Street    of    Columns.      U 

&  U.  Ster.  Pal.  63. 

SHECHEM. 
View  from  Mt.   Ebal,   S.   W.,  over 

Shechem,  Mt.  Gerizim  and  the 

Seacoast    Plain    to  Joppa.      U. 

&  U.    Ster.  O.  T.  2. 
Nablous      (Shechem).        W.      226; 

A.  A.  C.   15055;  S    S.  T.   133- 
Nablous    and    Mt.    Gerizim.      Scu. 

12373;    Smu.    12373;   U.   &   U. 

Ster.  Pal    58;  A.  A.  C.  15057. 
Shechem,       Mount       Ebal.         Scu. 

12372;    Smu.    12372;   U.   &  U. 

Ster.   O.   T.   38. 


Shechem,    from    Mt.    Ebal.      U.    & 

U.   Ster.  O.  T.  23. 
Nablous,   Vale  of  Nabulus.     A.  A. 

C.    15056. 
Shechem,  Grave  of  Joseph.     U.  & 

U.    Ster.    Pal.   3336. 
Samaritan  High  Priest  and  Penta- 
teuch  Roll,    Supposed   Writing 

of      Aaron's      Great-grandson, 

Shechem.      Palestine   U.    &   U. 

Ster.  O.  T.  45;   Pal.   59;   S.  S. 

T.  336;  S.  S.  T.  335- 

SHILOH 
Shiloh,   Resting  Place  of  the  Ark. 

U.   &   U.   Ster.   Pal.    54. 
Shiloh.      S.   S.  T.    134. 

SIDON. 

Sidon.      Scu.    12375. 
Traditional     Hill     of     the     Swine. 

S.    S.  T.  215. 
Ancient     Citadel     in     the     Sea     of 

Sidon.      Syria    U.    &    U.    Ster. 

Pal.    93- 

SYRIA    (See  also  Damascus). 
House     in     Syria     Built     upon     a 

Rock.      S.    S.   T.  217. 
Baalbek,    Syria.      U.    &    U.     Ster. 

Pal.  3396;  U    &  U.   Ster.  Pal. 

Syria,  Ruins  of  Baalbek.     U.  &  U. 

Ster.   Pal.   95. 
Syria,   Mount   Lebanon.      U.   &   U. 

Ster.    Pal.    94. 
Tomb    of    Hiram,    King    of    Syria. 

U.  &  U.  Ster.  3390. 

THESSALONICA 
Salonica,  Ancient  Thessalonica.    U. 

£  U.  Ster.  Greece  2467. 

TIBERIAS. 
Tiberias,    View    of    Tiberias.       W. 

215;    U.   &   U.    Ster.    Pal.   82. 
Tiberias,   Panoramic   View.      A.   A. 

C.    15069. 
Tiberias,    View    from   the   Fortress. 

A.  A.  C    15070. 
Tiberias,   Fisherman's   Boat  on  the 

Lake.     U.  &  U.  Ster.  Pal.  83; 

A.  A.  C.   15071;  S    S.  T.  351. 

TYRE 

Tyre,  Harbor.  U.  £  U.  Ster.  Pal. 
3388. 

Tyre.  A.  A.  C.  15078;  S.  S.  T. 
136. 

Ruins  of  Ancient  Tyre — Wonder- 
ful fulfillment  of  Prophecy. 
U.  £  U.  Ster.  Ch.  24;  Pal.  92. 


The  N.  Y.  S.  S.  Commission  has  also  prepared  a  special  Type- 
written Stereopticon  Lecture  with  about  100  Slides,  covering  the  ma- 
terial and  places  of  this  book.  Separate  Slides  may  be  purchased  at  40 
cents  each,  plain;  $1.00  each,  colored.  The  One  Cent  Prints,  noted 
above,  also  furnish  a  complete  outfit  for  Opaque  Projectors,  such  as 
the  Reflectoscope  and  the  Balopticon. 


LIST  OF  MAPS  IN  APPENDIX 

1.  World  on  Mercator  Projection. 

2.  Physical  Map  of  Palestine. 

3.  Western  Asia  in  Early  Times. 

4.  Egypt,  Sinai,  and  Canaan. 

5.  The  Period  of  the  Patriarchs. 

6.  Route  of  the  Exodus.     Colored. 

7  Period  of  the  Tribal  Settlements.     Colored. 

8.  Period  of  the  Judges,  1270-1030.     Colored. 

9.  Period  of  the  Kingdom  of  Saul,  1030-1010.     Colored. 
10  Period  of  David  and  Solomon,   iooo-937-     Colored. 

11.  Divided   Kingdom  to  Revolution  of   Jehu,  937-«42- 

ored. 

12.  Syrian  Conquests  in  Reign  of  Hazael,  814-797.     Colored. 

13.  Assyrian  Conquests  of  Syria,  797-783-     Colored. 

14.  Period  of  Jeroboam  II.,  780-740.     Colored. 

15.  Conquests  of  Tiglath-Pileser  III.,  733-727-    Colored. 

16.  Fall  of  Israel  and  Period  of  Hezekiah,  727-695.     Colored. 

17.  Sythian  Invasion  and  Period  of  Josiah,  639-608.     Colored. 

18.  Babylonian  Period,  605-586.     Colored. 

19.  Period  of  the  Exile,  586-536.     Colored. 

20.  Persian  Period,  536-332.     Colored. 

21.  Palestine  in  the  Time  of  Christ.     Colored. 

22.  The  Roman  World  in  the  Time  of  the  Apostles.     Colored 

23.  St.  Philip's  Journey. 

24.  St.  Peter's  Journey. 

25.  Saul's  Early  Journeys. 

26.  Saul's  Conversion. 

27.  St.-  Barnabas'  Journeys. 

28.  St.  Paul's  First  Missionary  Journey. 

29.  St.  Paul's  Second  Missionary  Journey. 

30.  St.  Paul's  Third  Missionary  Journey. 

31.  St.  Paul's  Voyage  to  Rome. 

32.  Roman  Empire  with  St.  Paul's  Journeys. 

33.  Road  Map  of  Palestine. 

34.  Ancient  Jerusalem. 

35.  Jerusalem  in  Nehemiah's  Time. 


CHAPTER  I 

THE    BIBLE    WORLD 

What  the  Bible  World  Includes.  Speaking  generally,  one 
may  say  that  all  the  principal  events  noted  in  the  Bible  oc- 
curred within  lands  bordering  on  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  and  countries  almost  adjacent.  The  Old 
Testament  history  (Appendix)  is  embraced  between  the 
four  great  seas  of  Western  Asia, — the  Mediterranean,  the 
Black,  the  Caspian,  and  the  Persian  Gulf.  The  history  of 
the  life  of  Christ  lies  in  Palestine  proper.  The  Book  of  Acts 
and  the  early  apostolic  history  includes  Palestine,  Syria,  Asia 
Minor,  and  the  Roman  Empire,  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  Old  Testament  world  runs  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Nile  to  the  Persian  Gulf  on  the  south  (see  maps  through- 
out) and  from  Mount  Sinai  to  Mount  Ararat,  near  the 
Caspian  Sea.  Its  total  extent  is  about  1,400  miles  east  and 
west,  and  about  900  miles  north  and  south.  Its  land  area  is 
about  1,110,000  square  miles,  or  one-third  that  of  the  United 
States  proper.  Of  this  area,  however,  more  than  two-thirds 
is  a  vast  desert,  so  that  the  occupied  land  amounts  in  extent 
to  less  than  one-eighth  of  the  United  States. 

Chief  Physical  Features  of  the  Old  Testament  World. 
Looking  at  the  map  (Appendix)  we  see,  in  Egypt  the  River 
Nile,  with  its  broad  Delta ;  then  traveling  eastward,  the  Gulf 
of  Sues,  the  Sinai  Peninsula,  containing  the  Desert  of  Paran; 
and  next  the  Gulf  of  Akabah.  In  Palestine,  if  we  cross  from 
Joppa,  we  pass  in  order  through  the  Maritime  Plain,  a  Central 
Range  of  Mountains,  the  Jordan  River  and  its  wide  valley, 
the  Eastern  Range  of  Mountains  in  Gilead,  then  the  Arabian 
Desert,  the  Euphrates  River,  Mesopotamia  and  Chaldea,  the 
Tigris  River,  the  huge  Zagros  Range  of  Mountains,  and 
finally  the  land  of  Media.  (All  these  places  should  be  looked 


2  Students'  Historical  Geography 

up  on  the  map  and  sketched  in  an  outline  map,  made  by  the 
student.) 

Limits  and  Names  of  Palestine.  The  region  is  rather 
indefinite,  especially  in  differing  times  in  history.  The  early 
name  was  Canaan  (Num.  13  :  29),  from  the  Canaanites,  who 
lived  there  before  the  entrance  of  the  Hebrews.  When  the 
ancient  Hebrews  took  possession  they  called  it  the  Land  of 
the  Hebrews,  or  the  Land  of  Israel.  Canaan  referred  to  the 
country  between  the  Jordan  and  the  Mediterranean  (the 
Great  Sea)  and  between  Mount  Lebanon  and  the  Southern 
Desert.  Palestine  is  often  given  as  a  title  to  this  section 
Palestine  comes  from  a  Greek  word  used  to  designate  Philistia 
(Psa.  60  :  8),  originally  in  Greek  "Palaistine,"  and  later 
altered  by  the  Romans  to  Palestina.  Philistia  meant  the  land 
inhabited  by  the  Philistines.  This  region  of  Palestine  covers 
only  6,600  square  miles,  smaller  than  Massachusetts  by  some 
1,200  square  miles. 

Palestine  proper  embraces  both  Canaan  and  the  land  east 
of  the  Jordan,  often  loosely  termed  Gilead,  covering  in  all 
about  12,000  square  miles,  or  equal  to  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut.  Another  name,  given  by  the  prophet  Zechariah 
(Zech.  2  :  12),  is  the  Holy  Land.  (See  also  Gen.  13  :  14-17 
and  Deut.  7:6.)  In  Hebrews  n  :  9,  it  is  called  the  Land 
of  Promise.  (See  Num.  34.)  Western  Palestine  has  about 
the  same  area  as  the  state  of  New  Jersey  and  about  the  shape 
of  New  Hampshire.  It  would  extend  from  New  York  up 
the  Hudson  to  within  about  ten  miles  of  Albany.  Palestine  lay 
at  almost  the  precise  center  of  the  then  known  world.  If  one 
were  to  draw  a  circle  of  1,600  miles  diameter,  with  Jerusalem 
as  the  focus,  all  the  great  cities  of  ancient  times  would  be 
included, — Rome,  Athens,  Ephesus,  Nineveh,  Babylon,  Mem- 
phis, Thebes,  and  Alexandria.  It  was  a  land  shut  in  by 
mountains,  which  in  turn  shut  out  many  enemies.  Neverthe- 
less it  was  the  great  highway  between  Egypt  and  Babylon, 
because,  lying  between  both,  the  caravan  routes  passed  through 
it  with  the  commerce  of  these  two  mighty  countries.  One 
of  the  common  Old  Testament  modes  of  limiting  the  extent 
of  Canaan  was  by  referring  to  it  as  "From  Dan  to  Beersheba" 
(Judg.  20  :  i). 


The  Bible  World  3 

In  Northern  Africa  (Egypt)  and  the  Sinaitic  Peninsula, 

we  should  note  the  following  fixed  features:  EGYPT  lies 
along  the  two  sides  of  the  river  Nile.  There  have  always 
been  two  Egypts,  Northern  and  Southern.  Northern  or  Lower 
l:</vf>t  lies  in  the  Nile  Delta,  triangular  in  shape,  a  huge, 
splendid  garden,  with  the  richest  soil  of  the  then  known 
world,  the  grain  lands  of  the  Roman  Empire.  Southern  or 
Upper  Egypt  winds  along  the  Nile  Valley,  from  two  to  ten 
miles  wide,  with  barren  hills  on  either  side,  beyond  which  lay 
desert.  These  two  Egypts  were  always  so  separate  that  the 
very  crowns,  worn  by  the  kings,  were  double.  The  main 
stream  of  the  Nile  is  known  as  the  White  Nile,  while  the 
lUne  Nile  flows  into  it  in  Nubia,  rising  far  back  in  Abyssinia. 
The  Land  of  Goshen  lay  southeast  of  the  Delta.  It  was  the 
home  of  the  Israelites  during  their  long  sojourn  in  Egypt  as 
slaves.  The  only  cities  of  Bible  note  in  Egypt  were  Heliopolis, 
called  On  in  the  Scriptures,  on  the  eastern  branch  of  the 
Delta  (Gen.  41  :  45,  50;  46  :  20),  Alexander,  in  late'r  times 
the  metropolis  of  Africa  (Acts  6  :  9,  18  :  24,  27  :  6,  28  :  n)  ; 
while  Thebes  was  the  chief  city  of  Upper  Egypt,  and  its 
capital. 

The  great  SINAITIC  PENINSULA  lies  between  Egypt  and  the 
Gulf  of  Suez  on  the  one  side  and  the  arm  of  the  Red  Sea 
known  as  the  Gulf  of  Akaba  on  the  other.  It  forms  a 
huge  triangular  desert.  To  the  northern  end  lies  a  plain  of 
white  sand,  the  wilderness  of  Shur,  then  below  a  barren 
tableland  of  limestone,  known  as  the  Wilderness  of  Paran, 
"the  great  and  terrible  wilderness"  of  the  Forty  Years'  Wan- 
derings of  the  Israelites  (Deut.  i  :  19).  It  is  still  called 
Et  Tih,  "the  Wandering,"  and  is  crossed  by  two  drear  caravan 
routes,  marked  by  dry  bones  of  victims  to  its  scourge.  At 
its  lowest  point  is  the  Wilderness  of  Mount  Sinai,  bordered 
by  the  Wilderness  of  Sin,  not  to  be  confounded  with  the 
Wilderness  of  Zin,  lying  just  below  the  foot  of  the  Dead 
Sea.  Much  discussion  has  arisen  as  to  the  site  of  Mount 
Sinai,  the  terms  Horeb  and  Sinai  being  seemingly  used  in- 
terchangeably. Several  peaks  have  been  claimed,  presuming 
that  Horeb  applied  to  the  range  of  Mountains  and  Sinai  to  a 
particular  peak.  Jebel  Musa,  the  Mountain  of  Moses,  is  the 


4  Students'  Historical  Geography 

Mountain  of  the  Law,  according  to  local  tradition.  Ras  es 
Sufsafch  has  the  preference  of  many  modern  writers,  and, 
if  the  mountain  lay  at  all  in  the  south,  is  the  most  likely 
from  its  nature.  The  most  recent  critical  research,  favoring 
the  shorter  route  of  the  Exodus  straight  across  the  Peninsula 
to  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Akaba,  places  the  Mountain  of 
the  Law  near  that  spot. 

The  places  of  Bible  interest  are  Rameses  in  Goshen,  the 
starting-point  of  the  Exodus;  Succoth  directly  south  a  short 
space;  Etham  on  the  edge  of  the  Lake  above  the  Gulf;  Pi- 
hahiroth  and  Baal-Zephon  near  the  Gulf.  The  sites  of 
other  places  mentioned  as  Marah,  Eliin,  and  Rephidim  are  al- 
together uncertain.  (Read  Exodus  12-14;  Numbers  33.) 

Physical  Palestine  in  Detail.  It  is  most  important  that 
we  study  the  physical  geography  of  the  Holy  Land  in  quite 
some  detail,  for,  while  it  is  true  in  general  that  geography 
has  always  left  its  stamp  upon  the  history  and  character  of 
mankind,  it  is  especially  true  of  the  Hebrews,  for  no  people 
of  antiquity  ever  lived  in  closer  contact  with  Nature  than 
did  they.  We  shall  find  this  study, of  entrancing  interest,  for 
Palestinian  characteristics  are  reflected  in  almost  every  psalm, 
prophecy,  and  parable  given  us  in  Holy  Writ.  "The  Cedars 
of  Lebanon,  Mount  Hermon,  the  flowing  springs,  the  restless 
sea,  the  roaring  lion,  the  eagle,  the  lily,  even  the  sparrows" 
are  all  pictured  in  Bible  literature.  As  we  traverse  the  land, 
the  gloomy  Valley  of  Michmash  becomes  the  scene  of  the 
heart-stirring  attack  of  Jonathan  upon  the  Philistines,  that  gave 
the  Hebrews  their  independence  from  the  giants.  On  the  Plain 
of  Megiddo,  Thothmes  III,  Necho,  and  Napoleon  have  trodden 
the  same  paths  of  battle.  Here  is  a  land  that  Nature  destined 
to  be  the  great  highway  over  which  would  pass  and  repass 
nations  upon  nations,  bent  on  war  or  commerce.  As  we  wit- 
ness the  location  of  the  Hebrew  homes,  high  on  towering 
mountains,  we  can  see  God's  plan  for  seclusion  and  education, 
a  preparation  for  their  contribution  to  the  world  or  the 
world's  greatest  religion.  And  it  has  been  the  physical  con- 
tour and  characteristics  of  this  land  of  sacred  memories  that 
has  moulded  the  life  of  the  dwellers  among  the  mountains 
and  valleys  and  plains  that  mark  its  face.  What  at  first 


The  Bible  World  5 

seems  but  a  confused,  unthreaded  series  of  valleys  and  hills 
is  revealed  on  closer  inspection  as  an  orderly,  naturally-de- 
veloped set  of  six  zones,  each  with  a  type  of  life  and  char- 
acter peculiar  to  its  environment,  each  contributing  directly 
to  the  special  production  of  a  distinct  race  and  religious 
standard.  We  shall  study  each  zone  and  include  in  each  its 
<>\vn  mountains,  rivers,  valleys,  and  cities,  thus  connecting 
them  together  in  orderly  pictorial  sequence. 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  I. 

1.  On   a   world   outline   map    (Sunday    School    Commission 
Mercator  Map,  2c.  each)  color  in  green  crayon  or  water  tint 
Egypt,   in    red   Palestine,   in    indigo   Mesopotamia,    in   yellow 
the   lands  beyond   the   Tigris  eastward,   in  violet   Greece,   in 
black  Asia  Minor,  in  orange  Italy.     Put  all  rivers  and  seas 
in  blue.     Leave  all  the  rest  blank. 

2.  Write  the  names  and  origin  of  all  names  of  Palestine. 

3.  Print    on    the    map    the    chief    physical    features    of    the 
Old  Testament  world. 

4.  Copy  an  outline  map  of   Palestine    (S.   S.   Commission) 
or  a  map  in  this  book,  or  trace  it  if  you  cannot  copy  it. 

5.  Why  is  the  study  of  Bible  geography  of  value?     How 
did  the  land  determine  Bible  history? 


CHAPTER  II 

THE    ZONES    OF    PALESTINE 

Detailed  Study  of  Zones  I,  II,  and  part  of  III. 

The  First  Zone— THE  MARITIME  PLAIN.  Here  lie 
the  sea-coast  plains,  along  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. At  the  northern  portion  this  is  a  narrow  strip  of 
land,  the  cradle  of  those  ancient  mariners  the  Phoenicians ; 
a  fertile  region,  but  too  small  for  aught  but  a  meager  popu- 
See  °PP-  P-  6  lation.  Its  principal  cities  were  Tyre  and  Sidon.  (See  S. 
Mark  7  :  24.)  It  was  in  this  locality  that  Christ  met  the 
Syrophoenician  woman. 

In  Syria,  beyond  the  boundaries  of  Palestine  proper,  are 
two  of  the  lofty  parallel  ranges  of  mountains,  the  Lebanon 
and  the  Anti-Lebanon.  The  former  has  an  average  height  of 
7,000  feet,  and  is  the  starting-point  of  all  the  great  Palestinian 
systems  of  mountains.  The  latter  is  noted  for  Mt.  Herman, 
which  rises  9,200  feet,  and  is  generally  regarded  as  the  Mount 
of  the  Transfiguration  of  Christ.  In  its  neighborhood  is 
Ccesarea  Philippi,  which  we  believe  to  be  the  farthest  limit 
north  of  our  Lord's  missionary  work.  Through  these  moun- 
tains flows  the  Litany  River,  in  Bible  times  termed  the 
Leontes. 

Farther  south,  the  Plain  of  Acre  broadens  out  till  it  ends  at 
See  opp.  p.  6  Mount  Carmel,  or  the  Carmel  range  of  mountains,  as  it  really 
See  opp.  p.  6  is.     Then  comes  the  River  Kishon,  at  the  foot  of  this  moun- 
tain  range,   "that   ancient   river"    (Judg.    5  :  21).     Here    De- 
borah ruled  and  Sisera,  captain  of  Jabin's  army,  was  delivered 
into    her    hands.      (Judg.    4  :  4-15.)      Here    Elijah    slew    the 
prophets    of    Baal.      (i    Kings    18  :  40.)       Next    is    Carmel, 
reaching    1,750    feet    high ;    but    sloping    down    to    500    as    it 
meets  the  sea.    Here  Elijah  lived  (i  Kings  18  :  18  :  20)  ;  here 
he  met  Ahab ;  and  here  he  won  the  victory  for  Jehovah. 
6 


TYRE 


SIDON 
From  the   Sea 


MT.  CARMEL 


RIVER   KISHON 
Photo  by   S.    U.    Mitman 


JOPPA,  OR  JAFFA 


HOUSE  OF  SIMON 
Photo  by  Rev.  S.  U.  Mitman 


CAESAREA  IN  PALESTINE 

Copyrighted  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 


CAESAREA 
St.   Paul's  Prison 


The  Zones  of  Palestine  7 

Below  Carmel  stretches  the  ever-widening  fertile  Plain  of 
Sharon,  with  its  forests  and  fruitful  fields,  its  undulating 
flower-beds  of  vernal  beauty,  dotted  with  the  "Tents  of 
Kcd.'tr."  Solomon  refers  to  "the  rose  of  Sharon"  (Song  of 
Sol.  2:1).  Isaiah  refers  to  it  frequently  for  its  beauty  and 
rich  fertility  (Isa.  33  :  9;  35  :  2 ;  65  :  10).  A  little  farther 
south,  it  widens  to  twenty-five  miles,  and  was  the  home  for 
centuries  of  the  warlike  Philistines  (from  which  the  name 
Palestine,  as  we  have  said,  was  derived).  In  Old  Testament 
times  it  was  never  inhabited  by  Hebrews.  Even  in  Christ's 
time,  though  many  Jews  inhabited  it,  they  felt  like  strangers 
in  it.  It  was  in  all  ages  a  famous  war-path.  Over  it  marched 
the  armies  of  Thothmes,  Rameses,  Sennacherib,  Cambyses, 
Alexander  the  Great,  Pompey,  and  Napoleon.  Like  all  coast 
plains,  it  was  exposed  to  attack  from  all  sides.  This  will 
account  for  the  bravery  developed  in  the  hardy  Philistine 
warriors.  The  sea-coast  is  remarkably  regular,  there  being 
only  one  promontory  or  cape,  where  Carmel  juts  into  the  sea. 
There  are  few  good  harbors.  We  have  noted  Tyre  and  Sidon. 
Below  are  Ptolemais,  Cccsarea,  and  Joppa  (Jaffa).  The  See  °PP- P- 7 
sea  is  shallow  all  along  the  coast.  Cccsarea  was  built  by  See  °PP-  P-  7 
Herod  in  Roman  times,  and  was  of  unusual  beauty  and  wealth. 
S.  Paul  was  a  prisoner  here  for  two  weeks  on  his  last  voyage  See  °PP-  P-  7 
to  Rome.  From  Joppa,  Jonah  set  sail  to  escape  God  (Jonah 
i  :  3)  and  centuries  later  S.  Peter  had  his  vision  of  the  sheet, 
and  his  call  to  Cornelius  and  the  Gentile  world  (Acts  10  : 
1-16).  At  Lydda  (now  Lod  or  Lud),  S.  Peter  preached  the  See  OPP.  p.  10 
gospel.  (Acts  9  :  32.)  In  PHILISTIA,  the  chief  cities  are 
Gaza,  in  the  southwest  corner,  three  miles  from  the  sea,  See  °PP-  P-  I0 
mentioned  from  earliest  times  down  into  the  book  of  Acts 
and  still  a  city  to-day  (see  Gen.  10  :  19;  Josh.  10  :  41  ;  11  : 
22;  13  :  3;  15  :  47;  Judg.  i  :  18;  16  :  21  ;  Acts  8  :  26).  The 
reference  in  Acts  is  to  the  noteworthy  baptism  of  the 
Ethiopian  eunuch.  Ashkelon  was  noted  in  Philistine  times 
and  in  the  days  of  the  Crusades.  Ashdod  was  the  chief  seat 
of  the  worship  of  Dagon,  the  fish-god.  Ekron  was  the  last 
resting-place  of  the  Ark  previous  to  its  return.  Gath,  now  un- 
known as  to  site,  was  the  home  of  Goliath  the  giant,  (i  Sam. 
17  :  4,  23;  i  Sam.  5  :  10.) 


8  Students'  Historical  Geography 

The  Second  Zone— THE  SHEPHELAH.  This  is  the 
district  composed  of  low  foothills  lying  between  the  Maritime 
Plain  and  the  Central  Uplands.  It  is  an  open,  rolling  region. 
Here  in  the  days  of  the  Judges  raged  the  intermittent  war- 
fare between  the  lowlanders  and  the  Highlanders.  These 
foothills  are  about  500  feet  only  above  sea-level.  In  the 
early  times  these  combatants  were  Israelites  and  Canaanites ; 
later,  they  were  Israelites  and  Philistines ;  then  the  Maccabees 
fought  here  with  the  Syrians;  and  in  the  time  of  the  Cru- 
sades Richard  of  England  and  Saladin  the  Saracen  led  the 
opposing  armies.  The  Shephelah  proper  lies  only  between 
Beersheba  and  the  Valley  of  Aijalon.  The  word  means  Low 
Country,  being  lowrer  than  the  neighboring  mountains  to  the 
East.  (See  2  Chron.  28  :  18.)  The  Valley  of  Aijalon  runs 
across  the  top  of  the  Shephelah,  just  north  of  Jerusalem. 
Along  this  valley,  Joshua  pursued  the  Amorites,  at  the  time 
when  he  bade  the  sun  to  stand  still.  (Josh.  10  :  1-14.) 
Through  this  valley,  the  Philistines  came  to  attack  King 
Saul,  when  Jonathan  repelled  them,  (i  Sam.  13,  14.)  Gezer, 
an  important  city  of  which  King  Horam  was  ruler,  is  at  this 
valley,  on  the  surrounding  hills.  (Josh.  10  :  33 ;  12  :  12.) 
Next,  south  from  the  Shephelah,  lies  the  Valley  of  the  Sorek, 
where  Samson,  born  at  Zorah,  worked  his  wonderful  deeds. 
Here  too  was  Timnath,  where  Samson's  first  love  dwelt. 
South  of  Sorek,  was  Beth-Shemcsh,  to  which  the  ark  was 
brought  from  Ekron,  and  there  still  spread  out  wheat-fields 
like  those  the  lowing  kine  passed  through,  (i  Sam.  6.)  A 
little  farther  south  lies  the  Valley  of  Elah,  a  level  plain,  the 
battlefield  where  David  killed  the  giant  Goliath  (i  Sam.  17). 
Near  by  is  the  Cave  of  Adullam,  where  David  hid  with  his 
four  hundred  followers.  (i  Sam.  22.)  At  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  Shephelah  is  the  Brook  Besor,  while  farther 
south  still  is  the  city  of  Beersheba,  which  marks  the  extreme 
limits  of  the  Land  of  Israel.  It  was  at  different  times  the 
home  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  It  lay  on  the  caravan 
highway,  and  was  noted  for  its  seven  great  wells. 

The  Third  Zone— THE  CENTRAL  PLATEAU.  This  is 
the  rough,  jagged,  towering  mountainous  system,  running 
north  and  south,  between  the  Shephelah  and  Maritime  Plain 


The  Zones  of  Palestine  9 

and  the  Valley  of  the  Jordan  River.  It  has  three  distinct 
divisions,  each  with  clearly  marked  characteristics.  They  are 
known  on  New  Testament  maps  as  Galilee,  Samaria,  and 
Judea. 

GALILEE  is  the  most  northern  division.  It  is  enriched  by 
the  streams  that  flow  from  Mt.  Hermon,  making  it  well- 
watered  and  very  fertile.  The  Leontes,  rising  near  ancient 
Baalbac,  flows  south  through  Coele-Syria  (Hollow  Syria) 
120  miles  to  the  sea.  Numerous  brooks  or  wadies  follow  in 
parallel  lines  southward,  ending  with  the  River  Kishon,  at 
Carmel's  base.  The  name  Galilee  means  a  round  object  or 
region,  i.e.,  well-defined  and  distinct.  It  was  thus  first  given 
to  a  small  portion  or  spot  and  then  extended  to  include  more. 
(Josh.  20  :  7.)  At  first  nations  not  of  Israelitish  descent 
dwelt  in  this  region.  Hence  it  was  frequently  called  "Galilee 
of  the  Gentiles."  (Isa.  9:1.)  The  district  reaches  north  to 
the  Leontes,  east  to  the  Lake  of  Galilee  and  south  to  the 
Plain  of  Esdraelon.  Upper  Galilee  was  much  higher  than 
Lower  Galilee,  its  mountains  rising  to  3,000  feet,  while  almost 
all  mountains  in  Lower  Galilee  are  below  2,000  feet.  The 
mountains  are  in  most  cases  broad  plateaus,  broken  by  wide, 
deep  valleys.  Of  the  mountains  of  Galilee,  Mount  Tabor  See  opp.  p.  10 
(over  i, 800  feet  high),  on  the  northeast  of  Esdraelon,  shows 
out  clearly.  (Psa.  89  :  18;  Jer.  46  :  18.)  Here  Deborah 
and  Barak  met  Sisera  (Judg.  4  :  6-14).  (See  also  River 
Kishon,  First  Zone.)  Little  Hermon  (1,800  feet)  is  known 
as  the  Hill  of  Moreh.  (Judg.  7:1.)  It  is  on  the  Plain,  south- 
west of  the  Sea  of  Galilee.  Endor  is  on  the  northern  slope. 
The  witch  that  Saul  visited  lived  here,  (i  Sam.  28  :  7-25.) 
Seven  or  eight  miles  away  is  Gilboa,  where  Saul  camped.  In 
Old  Testament  times  the  tribes  of  Asher  and  Naphtali  set- 
tled in  this  section.  After  the  early  settlement  there  is  little 
mention  of  Galilee  for  years,  until  Christ's  time,  when  a  large 
portion  of  His  ministry  was  located  here.  Of  the  cities,  the 
following  are  of  most  importance  : 

Kedesh  (Kedesh-Naphtali)  was  both  a  city  of  refuge  and 
a  fortified  city,  west  of  the  head  of  Lake  Huleh  (Lake 
Merom).  It  was  the  site  of  the  old  Temple  of  the  Sun,  the 
ruins  of  which  are  still  there,  and  the  capital  or  sanctuary 


io  Students'  Historical  Geography 

of  the  great  tribe  of  Naphtali.  It  was  also  the  home  of 
Barak.  (See  Josh.  20  :  7 ;  21  :  32;  Judg.  4  :  io;  2  Kings  15  : 
29;  Judg.  4:6;  Josh.  19  :  32.)  Shunem  lies  about  eight 
miles  south  of  Mount  Tabor.  It  belonged  to  the  tribe  of 
Issachar,  and  is  noted  for  the  story  of  Elisha  given  in  2 
Kings  4  :  8.  Three  miles  south  of  Kedesh  is  Hazor,  once  a 
royal  town,  now  a  collection  of  broken  cisterns.  It  is  of 
note  in  the  Bible.  (Josh,  n  :  io;  2  Kings  15  :  29.) 

See  opp.  p.  io  In  Lower  Galilee  lies  Nazareth,  the  home  of  S.  Mary  the 
Virgin  and  S.  Joseph  her  husband ;  the  place  where  our  Lord 
was  reared  to  manhood.  Although  shut  in  by  hills,  it  was  the 
great  junction  town  at  which  converged  all  the  many  caravan 
routes  £rom  lower  Palestine  and  Egypt  into  Asia  Minor  and 
Assyria.  From  the  heights  of  the  Nazareth  Range  near  by 
can  be  seen  many  of  the  famous  places  in  upper  Palestine. 
The  scene  of  more  than  twenty  battles,  most  momentous  in 
the  history  of  the  Chosen  People,  lay  before  our  Master's 
vision  as  he  climbed  His  native  hills  around.  Here  he  dwelt 

See  opp.  p.  ii  until  thirty  years  of  age.     Cana  of  Galilee  was  a  little  north 

See  opp.  p.  ii  of  Nazareth  and  nearer  to  Capernaum,  which  lay  on  the  Lake 
of  Galilee.  It  was  the  town  of  Christ's  first  miracle  (the 
wedding  feast)  and  also  the  home  of  Nathanael  the  disciple. 

See  opp.  p.  ii  (See  S.  John  2  :  n  ;  4  :  46;  2  :  i  ;  21  :  2.)  Nain  is  on  the 
northwest  of  Little  Hermon.  Here  Christ  raised  the  widow's 
son  to  life.  (S.  Luke  7  :  ii.) 

The  highest  point  in  Galilee  is  Mt.  Jebel  Jermuk,  northwest 
of  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  4,000  feet  high.  A  few  miles  west  of 
the  middle  of  the  same  Lake  stands  the  Kurun  Hattin  or 
Horns  of  Hattin,  a  mountain  1,200  feet  high,  with  two  peaks. 
It  is  known  as  the  Mount  of  the  Beatitudes,  and  on  its  side 
our  Lord  preached  his  famous  sermon  on  the  Mount.  Here 
too  He  fed  the  five  thousand.  (S.  Matt.  5,  6,  7.)  Hattin  is 
also  the  historic  landmark  that  overlooks  the  spot  where  the 
army  of  the  Crusaders  made  its  last  memorable  stand,  and 
was  almost  utterly  annihilated  by  the  vengeful  hosts  of 
Saladin,  in  1187  A.  D.  Esdraelon  itself  we  shall  consider  as 
the  Sixth  Zone  of  Palestine. 


LYDDA 


GAZA   ROAD 
Photo   by   Williams,   Brown  &  Earle 


MT.    TABOR 

Plains  of  Esdraelon 


NAZARETH 


CANA   OF   GALILEE 


SITE  OF  CAPERNAUM 


NAIN 

Photo  by   S.    U.   Mitman 


BETHEL 


The  Zones  of  Palestine  1 1 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  II. 

i.  Learn  to  make  a  map  of  Palestine  quickly.  Fold  a  sheet 
of  paper  of  the  proportion  of  8  x  12  inches  in  three  divisions 
lengthwise.  Unfold  and  again  fold  three  times  sideways. 
This  gives  nine  squares.  Draw  the  coast  line  of  the  Carmel 
Range  in  the  upper  middle  square.  Continue  coast  line  to  the 
middle  of  right-hand  center  square,  lower  edge.  In  lower  right- 
hand  corner  of  upper  middle  square  place  the  Sea  of  Galilee, 
and  at  the  center  of  its  right  edge  Lake  Huleh.  Continue 
Jordan  River  southward  in  middle  square,  and  place  Dead  Sea 
in  upper  right-hand  of  lower-center  square.  Then  mark  the 
zones  on  the  map  in  colors,  searching  the  chapters  forward 
to  find  their  limits.  Use  crayons  or  water  colors. 

j.  Mark  on  First  Zone,  and  print  names  of  all  cities,  places, 
mountains,  and  rivers  mentioned  in  the  lesson. 

3.  Make  a  list,  from  west  to  east,  and  from  north  to  south, 
of  these  same  places,  and  write  opposite  each  name  the  event 
in  Bible  history  connected  with  it,  and  in  a  third  column  the 
Bible    reference.     Do   not    fail   to   look   up   always   the   Bible 
reference  and  read  the  passage  over. 

4.  Do  the  same  (as  under  2  and  3)  for  each  division  of  the 
Second  and  of  the  Third  Zones. 


CHAPTER  III 

THE    THIRD    ZONE    OF    PALESTINE.       SAMARIA 

Beyond  the  Plain  of  Esdraelon,  we  come  to  the  second 
division  of  this  Third  Zone  of  the  Central  Plateau,  i.e. 
SAMARIA.  As  we  pass  southward  we  enter  a  land  of  fruitful 
valleys  and  rounded  hills,  covered  to  their  tops  with  trees 
and  fields,  and  well-watered  by  copious  springs.  The  in- 
fluence of  this  physical  environment  upon  the  inhabitants  is 
most  clearly  marked.  They  became  a  pleasure-loving  people, 
eager  for  ease  and  enjoyment,  running  after  idols  and  wealth, 
making  alliances  with  powerful  nations  that  might  enrich  or 
protect  them.  Thus  Samaria  became  a  buffer-state,  between 
the  northern  and  the  southern  nations.  Egypt  and  Judea  on 
the  south  used  it  as  a  huge  battlefield  when  in  conflict  with 
Syria,  Assyria,  Persia,  etc.,  on  the  north.  Samaria  conse- 
quently always  suffered. 

See  opp.  p.  ii  As  we  pass  below  Bethel,  the  landscape  becomes  more  grim, 
the  valleys  narrower,  more  rocks  appear,  and  stern  Judea, 
the  land  of  the  shepherd,  in  contrast  to  Samaria,  the  haven 
of  the  farmer,  lies  before  us.  Judea  spelt  a  desperate  strug- 
gle, and  it  alone  could  produce  men  of  courage  and  deep 
intensity,  such  as  Isaiah,  Amos,  and  the  like.  The  real 
stamina  of  all  Palestine  was  developed  and  nourished  in  this 
southern  section  of  the  wild  Judean  plateau.  Let  us  traverse 
Samaria  and  Judea  in  detail. 

See  opp.  p.  14  Samaria  of  the  New  Testament  was  always  Mount 
Ephraim  of  the  Old.  Here  Ephraim,  half  of  Manasseh,  and  the 
tribe  of  Dan  dwelt.  Many  of  the  greatest  events  of  Bible 
history  occurred  within  its  borders.  After  the  captivity  of 
the  Northern  Kingdom  of  Israel  it  was  filled  by  foreign  peo- 
ples sent  in  by  the  Assyrians  and  Babylonians.  At  Christ's 
coming,  "the  Jews  had  no  dealings  with  the  Samaritans,"  re- 


The  Third  Zone  of  Palestine.     Samaria          13 

garding  them  and  their  land  as  polluted.  Samaria  stretched 
from  the  edge  of  Esdraelon  on  the  north  to  below  Bethel  on 
the  south,  and  from  the  Jordan  to  the  Plain  of  Sharon.  Al- 
though only  about  twenty-five  miles  in  length,  the  Jews  were 
so  averse  to  passing  through  it  that  they  usually  crossed  the 
Jordan  at  the  Beth-shan  Fords  and  recrossed  at  Jericho,  in 
journeying  from  Galilee  to  Judea. 

Samaria  has  an  average  elevation  of  about  2,000  feet  above 
sea-level,  being  not  so  much  a  mountain  mass  as  a  series  of 
high  ridges,  with  plains  and  elevated  valleys  between.  The 
slope  on  the  west,  towards  the  Maritime  Plain,  is  gradual ; 
while  that  on  the  east  to  the  Jordan  River  is  exceedingly 
steep  and  precipitous.  In  the  southern  part,  it  rises  2,800  feet 
in  only  nine  miles.  The  chief  mountains  of  Samaria  are 
Mounts  Carmel,  Gilboa,  Ebal,  Gerizim  and  Baal-Hazor. 
Mount  Carmel  is  a  ridge  rather  than  a  single  mountain,  just 
as  are  Mt.  Hermon  and  Mt.  Lebanon.  It  runs  in  from  the 
only  cape  or  promontory  of  the  sea-coast,  below  Phoenicia, 
with  the  River  Kishon  at  its  base,  in  a  general  direction 
midway  between  the  foot  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee  and  the  head 
of  the  Dead  Sea.  It  is  about  12  miles  long.  At  the  south- 
eastern end,  where  it  slopes  out  into  low  hills,  lies  the  rich 
Valley  of  Dothan,  in  which  Joseph  found  his  brethren  tend-  See  opp.  p.  14 
ing  their  flocks  the  day  they  sold  him  as  a  slave.  (Gen. 
37  :  17.)  The  Carmel  range  is  of  limestone,  honeycombed 
with  long,  winding  caves.  Carmel  means  "Park,"  and  in  the 
Hebrew  it  is  usually  "The  Park."  (See  Isa.  35  :  2 ;  Cant. 
7:5;  Amos  1:2.)  The  mountains  became  a  sanctuary  or 
holy  spot,  in  which  worship  was  offered  both  to  Jehovah  and 
to  idols,  (i  Kings  18  :  19.)  Mount  Gilboa  is  a  barren  peak,  See  opp.  p.  14 
1,700  feet  high,  running  as  a  ridge  along  ten  miles,  edging 
the  southern  border  of  the  Plain  of  Esdraelon.  Here  oc- 
curred the  defeat  and  death  of  Saul  and  Jonathan.  (2  Sam. 
i  :  17-27.)  Here  too  Gideon  gathered  his  little  army  of  the 
faithful  three  hundred.  (Judg.  6-8.)  Mount  Ebal  and  Mount 
Gerizim  lie  about  the  center  of  Samaria,  Ebal  (mount  of 
cursing)  lay  northward;  while  Gerizim  (mount  of  blessing) 
lay  southward,  with  the  bases  not  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  apart.  The  valley  and  city  of  Shechem  lay  between  See  opp.  p.  14 


14  Students'  Historical  Geography 

them.  Ebal  is  3,076  feet  high ;  Gerizim  is  2,848 ;  while  the  val- 
ley is  1,672  feet.  Into  this  valley,  Joshua  led  the  entire  as- 
semblage of  Israelites  after  the  crossing  of  the  Jordan.  All 
came,  men,  women,  and  children.  The  Levites  stood  in  the 
Valley,  with  the  tribes,  half-and-half  on  the  mountains  on 
either  side.  The  Levites  read  the  curses  of  the  law  on  sin, 
the  tribes  on  Ebal  replied  in  answer  "Amen."  They  then 
read  the  blessings  of  the  law  on  virtue,  and  the  tribes  on 
Gerizim  replied  "Amen."  Later  on,  before  his  death,  Joshua 
again  gathered  the  people  here,  to  listen  to  his  parting  coun- 
sels. (See  Deut.  27;  Josh.  8,  24.)  Some  years  later,  Jotham 
(Judg.  9)  told  the  men  of  Shechem  his  parable  of  the  tree* 
choosing  a  king,  speaking  from  a  bluff  near  by,  and  then 
ran  away  to  escape  their  anger.  In  the  period  of  the  res- 
toration of  Jerusalem,  after  the  exile,  the  Samaritans  were 
rejected  from  participation  in  the  worship  of  the  Temple  at 
Jerusalem.  They  then  set  up  a  temple  on  Mount  Gerizim. 
When  Christ  met  the  woman  of  Samaria,  she  spoke  to  Him 
of  that  worship,  saying  "Our  fathers  worshipped  in  this  moun- 
tain." (S.  John  4  :  20.)  That  temple  however  had  been  de- 
stroyed 170  years  before.  Shechem  has  had  many  names. 
Its  present  name  is  Nablous.  It  is  also  practically  the  site  of 
See  opp.  p.  15  Sychar,  where  Jacob's  Well  stands,  and  where  our  Lord  met 
the  Samaritan  Woman,  referred  to  above.  It  has  been  the 
common  opinion  that  Shechem  and  Sychar  were  the  same ; 
but  much  recent  research  seems  to  indicate  that  they  were 
two  separate  towns,  Sychar  being  about  two  miles  to  the 
southeast  of  Shechem.  Sychar  has  been  identified  with  As- 
kar,  at  the  base  of  Mount  Ebal.  The  Samaritan  name  She- 
chem closely  resembled  Sychar,  and  the  two  were  confounded 
by  the  Crusaders,  so  that  Shechem  was  said  to  be  Sychar. 
Explorations  have  made  the  situation  of  Jacob's  Well  one 
of  the  most  assured  spots  in  Palestine,  and  located  Askar 
and  Sychar  as  identical.  The  proximity  of  the  two  towns 
however  makes  them  practically  one  situation.  At  Shechem, 
Abimelech,  the  usurper,  set  up  his  brief  kingdom.  Another 
usurper,  Jeroboam,  the  son  of  Nebat,  was  crowned  here  by 
the  Ten  Tribes,  (i  Kings  12  :  25.)  Another  name  seems 
to  have  been  Neapolis,  in  the  Grecian  Period.  In  the  early 


REMAINS  OF   SAMARIA 


PLAIN   OF  DOT  HAN 

Copyrighted  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 


BATTLEFIELD    OF    GIDEON 
Copyrighted  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 


SHECHEM 
Copyrighted  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 


SYCHAR 

Copyrighted  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 


JACOB'S  WELL 


JEZREEL 
Photo  by   S.   U.  Hitman 


RAMAH 


The  Third  Zone  of  Palestine.     Samaria  1 5 

dawn  of  the  history  of  Israel,  Abram,  coming  across  the 
Jordan,  built  his  first  altar  to  God,  and  rested  in  Shechem. 
(Gen.  12  :  7.)  Before  the  exodus  was  completed  by  the 
conquest  of  Canaan,  the  people  regarded  it  as  holy.  (Deut. 
ii  :  29;  Josh.  24  :  32.)  Near  it  were  Joseph's  Tomb  (Gen. 
33  :  19 ;  S.  John  4  :  6)  and  Jacob's  Well  Baal-Hazor,  twenty  See  OPP.  p.  15 
miles  south  of  Gerizim,  five  miles  north  of  Bethel,  is  the 
highest  mountain  of  Samaria,  3,300  feet.  On  its  slope  Ab- 
salom had  his  sheep-shearing  farm,  where  at  a  great  feast  he 
had  summoned,  he  treacherously  killed  his  brother  Amnon. 
(2  Sam.  13  :  2-29.) 

Among  other  cities  to  be  considered  is  Jezreel,  seated  on  a  See  o  p.  p.  15 
foothill  of  Mount  Gilboa.  It  commanded  a  vista  over  the 
entire  valley  of  Jezreel.  (2  Kings  9  :  17.)  Ahab  and  Jezebel 
made  it  their  capital,  when  that  wicked  king  reigned  in  Is- 
rael. His  royal  palace  stood  on  the  eastern  wall  of  the 
city,  and  from  its  window  Jezebel  was  cast  down  to  the 
hungry  dogs  below,  in  the  open  space  where  the  city  refuse 
was  thrown.  (2  Kings  9  :  30-35;  I  Kings  21  :  I.)  The 
vineyard  of  Naboth  was  hard  by  the  palace.  The  modern 
name  is  Zerin,  though  only  a  collection  of  ruined  huts  re- 
mains. Tirzah  is  another  city  of  this  region,  probably  near 
Shechem,  though  its  site  is  not  yet  definitely  fixed.  It  was 
noted  for  its  beauty  and  was,  at  one  time,  the  second  royal 
city.  Zimri  was  besieged  there,  and  to  avoid  capture,  set 
fire  to  his  palace  and  was  burned  himself.  (Song  of  Sol. 
6:4;!  Kings  14  :  17;  15  :  33;  16  :  18.)  Six  miles  north- 
west of  Shechem  and  twenty-three  miles  from  the  sea- 
coast,  lies  the  Mount  or  Hill  of  Samaria,  standing  isolated 
and  alone  in  the  midst  of  a  wide  green  basin.  King  Omri, 
the  father  of  Ahab,  bought  it  of  Shemer,  its  owner,  for  two 
talents  of  silver.  From  the  name  of  its  owner,  Omri  gave  the 
town  the  title  of  Shomeron,  which  became  altered  to  Samaria. 
From  that  time  on  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Northern  King- 
dom of  Israel.  The  city  was  almost  impregnable.  It  with- 
stood two  severe  sieges,  901  and  910  B.  C,  and  Shalmaneser 
finally  took  three  years  to  capture  it.  (i  Kings  20  :  i ;  2 
Kings  6  :  24-27  :  20;  18  :  9,  10.)  Under  Ahab  and  Jezebel,  it 
became  the  center  for  an  ornate  idolatrous  worship,  in  its  most 


1 6  Students  Historical  Geograpliy 

licentious  forms.  (Isa.  28  :  1-4.)  Near  the  time  of  Christ 
it  was  rebuilt  by  King  Herod,  and  named  Sebaste,  the  Greek 
of  Augustus,  equivalent  to  Augusta.  The  colonnades  and  pil- 
lars of  Herod,  all  in  ruins,  still  remain  standing,  as  a  mute 
witness  to  the  city's  pristine  grandeur.  The  old  name  clung 
to  it,  and  it  was  known  in  Christ's  time  as  Samaria.  S.  Philip 
preached  with  great  success  in  the  city  in  its  power,  "there 
was  great  joy  in  the  city."  (Acts  8  :  5-8.)  The  ruins 
of  the  Church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  built  by  the  Cru- 
saders, still  stand  upon  the  slope  of  the  hill,  erected  in 
the  twelfth  century.  It  ran  more  than  3,000  feet  with 
its  sweeping  colonnade.  The  remains  of  an  old  reservoir, 
the  Pool  of  Samaria,  are  also  to  be  seen,  where  was  once 
washed  the  blood-stained  chariot  of  Ahab,  when  the  infamous 
king  met  his  doom,  (i  Kings  22  :  38.)  Well  indeed  has  the 
prophecy  of  Micah  the  prophet  been  literally  fulfilled.  (Micah 
i  :  1-6.) 

Shiloh,  now  called  Seilun,  lies  in  a  secluded  valley,  twelve 
miles  southeast  of  Shechem,  nine  miles  north  of  Bethel.  Its 
site  is  definitely  named  in  Judges  21  :  19.  Its  ruins  have 
been  positively  identified. 

For  about  400  years,  in  the  period  of  the  Judges,  Shiloh 
was  the  seat  of  the  tabernacle  worship,  and  the  Ark  of  the 
Covenant  was  kept  here.  It  was  the  most  esteemed  sanctuary 
of  the  whole  land.  (Josh.  18;  Judg.  21  :  19.)  In  later 
years  the  ark  was  lost  to  Shiloh  through  its  capture  by  the 
Philistines,  (i  Sam.  4.)  When  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  had 
been  all  but  exterminated  by  the  other  tribes,  the  men 
repaired  to  Shiloh  and  captured  the  young  women  of  the 
town,  to  be  their  wives,  and  so  rehabilitate  the  tribe.  (Judg. 
21  :  19-23.) 

At  SHILOH,  Joshua  completed  the  division  of  the  land 
among  the  tribes.  (Josh.  18  :  6.)  Here  Eli  ministered  as 
high  priest,  and  Samuel  grew  up  as  a  child.  At  Shiloh  lived 
the  prophet  Ahijah,  whom  the  wife  of  Jeroboam  came  to 
visit,  concerning  the  life  of  her  sick  son.  (i  Kings  14  :  2.) 
Gilgal,  seven  miles  north  of  Bethel,  should  be  distinguished 
from  the  Gilgal  near  Jericho,  where  Israel  encamped  after 
crossing  the  Jordan.  This  northern  Gilgal  is  the  place  where 


The  Tiiird  Zone  of  Palestine.     Samaria  17 

Samuel  set  up  a  school  of  the  prophets,  from  which  Elijah 
\\ent  to  Bethel,  and  then  on  to  Jericho,  on  his  last  visit  to 
the  "sons  of  the  prophets."  (2  Kings  2  :  I  ;  4  :  38.) 

Besides  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Mediterranean,  which 
take  their  rise  in  the  mountains  of  Ephraim  or  Samaria, 
all  of  which  we  have  studied  under  the  Maritime  Plain,  we 
have  one  river  of  Bible  mention,  flowing  eastward  into  the 
Jordan,  the  Farah.  It  rises  at  the  base  of  Mount  Ebal. 
It  is  "the  waters  of  Enon,"  mentioned  by  S.  John. 
(S.  John  3  :  23.) 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  III. 

1.  What    Old    Testament    events    are    connected    with    the 
places  of  the  Maritime  Plain?  the  Plain  of  Sharon?  Philistia? 

2.  What  Old  Testament  events  are  connected  with  localities 
in  the  Shephelah?     In  Galilee? 

3.  What  New  Testament  events,  if  any,  are  connected  with 
these  several  divisions? 

4.  Draw  an  outline  map  of  the  region  of  Samaria,  alone, 
making  it  on  a  scale  at  least  four  inches  across.    On  it  locate 
the  places,  mountains,  rivers,  etc.,  in  proper  order,  by  dot  and 
name. 

5.  Make  a  list,  as  in  previous  chapter,  of  places  in  order 
of  events  and  Bible  references. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE    THIRD    ZONE    OF    PALESTINE.      CONTINUED.      JUDEA 

The  third  great  division,  southward,  of  the  Third  Zone, 
that  of  the  Central  Plateau,  is  JUDEA,  that  portion  of  Ca- 
naan which  in  the  settlement  of  the  land  was  assigned  by 
Joshua  to  the  tribes  of  Benjamin,  Judah,  Simeon,  and  Dan. 
Judah  and  Benjamin  were  the  most  important,  and  the  former, 
in  fact,  the  chief  ruling  tribe  of  all.  Simeon  seems  to  have 
had  part  of  the  dry  South  Land  or  Negeb,  next  the  desert. 
Dan  was  west  of  Benjamin,  between  the  valleys  of  Aijalon 
and  Sorek.  (Josh.  15-19.)  All  this  territory  became  prac- 
tically the  kingdom  of  Judah,  the  southern  kingdom,  after 
the  division  ensuing  upon  Solomon's  death.  It  was  called 
the  Kingdom  of  Judah.  After  the  return  from  exile  it 
became  Judea  and  its  inhabitants  Jews.  The  exceedingly 
mountainous  character  of  this  part  of  Palestine  has  ever 
made  the  sturdy  nature  of  this  people.  Every  nation  and 
tribe  that  dwelt  there  developed  hardihood  and  courage, 
high  principles  and  noble  morals.  For  many  centuries,  the 
inhabitants  kept  very  much  to  themselves,  hemmed  in  by 
rocky  walls.  They  took  no  part  in  the  wars  of  Gideon  and 
Barak,  and  held  aloof  from  either  progress,  conquest,  or 
commerce.  Yet  this  very  isolation  enabled  Judea  to  hold  out 
against  the  great  world  powers,  Babylon,  Assyria,  Egypt, 
Rome,  for  a  century  and  a  half  after  the  Northern  Kingdom 
was  extinct.  The  entire  size  of  this  territory  was  but  thirty 
miles  wide,  from  the  Jordan  to  the  Philistine  Plain,  and  fifty- 
five  miles  long,  from  Geba  to  Beersheba,  1,500  square  miles 
in  all  (see  2  Kings  23  :  8),  less  than  half  as  large  as  the 
State  of  Rhode  Island.  Judea  has  always  been  a  land  of 
shepherds,  although  as  a  whole  it  is  a  rocky,  barren,  rugged 
land — mountains,  wilderness,  stones  everywhere — and  in  the 
18  * 


Tlic  Third  Zone  of  Palestine.    Continued.    Judea    19 

southern  extremity,  wild,  desolate,  and  uninviting.  It  is  also 
an  unusually  dry  section.  In  the  whole  length  and  breadth 
there  are  not  more  than  six  or  seven  streams  that  have  water 
the  entire  year.  Scanning  the  country  in  detail,  from  the 
north  downwards,  as  we  did  the  other  sections,  we  would 
locate  two  towns  by  name,  for  their  sites  are  uncertain,  just 
below  Gilgal,  our  last  town  in  the  Middle  Section,  Samaria. 
One  of  these  towns  is  Gophna,  probably  the  modern  village 
of  Jufna,  the  most  northerly  on  the  western  plateau  of  Judea. 
It  was  called  Ophni  at  the  time  of  the  conquest.  (Josh. 
18  :  24.)  It  was  the  last  halting-place  of  Titus  on  his  ill- 
fated  march  to  Jerusalem.  Orphrah,  the  second,  was  a 
frontier  town  on  the  northeast  corner,  thirteen  miles  north 
of  Jerusalem.  It  has  been  identified  with  Ephron  or  Ephraim, 
mentioned  in  2  Chron.  13  :  19  and  S.  John  n  :  54,  where 
Christ  rested  from  the  throng,  after  the  raising  of  Lazarus. 
Bethel,  "the  house  of  God,"  modern  Beitin,  is  on  the  main 
road,  ten  miles  north  of  Jerusalem,  seven  south  of  Gilgal. 
The  ridge  of  mountain  on  which  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
city  still  stand,  is  almost  2,900  feet  above  the  sea.  There 
are  now,  says  Dr.  Schaff,  "about  two  dozen  Moslem  hovels, 
the  ruins  of  a  Greek  church,  a  very  large  cistern,  and  wild 
rocks."  Scarcely  any  spot  in  all  the  Holy  Land  has  so  many 
events  gathered  around  it.  Abraham  first  rested  here  on  his 
journey  south  from  Shechem.  (Gen.  12  :  8.)  Here  Lot 
surveyed  the  land  and  selected  his  future  residence.  (Gen. 
13  :  i-io.)  Here  Jacob  in  his  flight  rested  on  a  stone  and 
dreamed  his  vision  of  angels.  (Gen.  28  :  10-22.)  It  was 
one  of  Samuel's  sacred  sanctuaries.  (Judg.  20  :  18,  26-28; 
21  :  4;  i  Sam.  7  :  16.)  Jeroboam  made  it  a  city  of  idol 
worship,  (i  Kings  12  :  27-29,  32,  33;  13  :  i-io.)  Part  of  the 
time  it  was  held  by  the  Northern  Kingdom  and  part  by  the 
Southern.  (See  Picture  15.)  Ai  or  Hai,  mentioned  in  Joshua 
8,  is  probably  the  heap  of  ruins  two  miles  east  of  Bethel. 
Rock  Rinnnon,  a  small  village  four  miles  east  of  Bethel  on  the 
edge  of  the  plateau  on  the  side  of  a  mountain  sloping  down  to 
the  great  ravine  filled  with  numberless  caves  is  the  spot  to 
which  the  survivors  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  fled  after  the 
battles  noted  in  Judges  20  :  28-47.  Michmash  (Mukmas}  has 


2O  Students'  Historical  Geography 

been  placed  at  the  modern  village  four  miles  southeast  of 
Bethel.  The  rocky  gorge  up  which  Jonathan  climbed  and  the 
spot  from  which  he  began  his  perilous  descent  (i  Sam.  14  : 
13)  are  both  seen  here.  The  Philistines  had  come  to  Michmash 
by  way  of  the  Valley  of  Aijalon,  while  the  handful  of  soldiers 
belonging  to  Saul  were  encamped  at  Gibeah,  on  the  other 
side  of  the  gorge.  The  bravery  of  Jonathan  and  his  armor- 
bearer  saved  the  day  for  Israel.  Here,  too,  Joshua  had 
fought,  in  aid  of  his  allies  the  Gibeonites.  (Josh.  10  :  1-14.) 
Michmash  was  also  on  the  route  of  the  Assyrians,  as  they 
marched  south,  noted  in  Isaiah  10  :  28.  After  the  exile  the 
remnant  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  reoccupied  the  spot. 
(Neh.  ii  :  31.)  Geba  or  Jeba  was  on  the  south  side  of  this 
same  chasm,  and  at  the  time  of  Josiah  was  the  frontier  town 
of  Judah.  (2  Kings  23  :  8.)  It  was  also  again  inhabited 
after  the  exile.  Ramah  of  Benjamin,  six  miles  south  of 
Bethel,  is  one  of  the  many  Ramahs  (high  places)  of  the 
Old  Testament,  where  sacrifices  were  offered.  It  is  men- 
tioned several  times  in  the  Bible,  but  not  with  any  very 
special  event.  (Look  up  I  Kings  15  :  17,  22;  Josh.  18  :  25; 
Judg.  4:5.)  It  is  not  the  Ramah  where  Samuel  was  born. 
See  opp.  p.  15  (i  Sam.  i  :  i.)  Gibeah  of  Benjamin,  also' known  as  Gibeah 
of  Saul,  may  be  the  same  as  Geba;  but  is  most  likely  to  be 
the  name  of  a  general  district,  including  Geba  and  Gibeon, 
on  the  edge  of  the  plateau.  Here  occurred  the  almost  total 
destruction  of  Benjamin.  (Judg.  19  and  20.)  Here  also 
was  the  lonely  watch  of  Rizpah,  the  mother  of  the  two 
young  men  hanged  here.  (2  Sam.  21  :  1-14.)  Gibeon  is  to 
the  west  of  Geba,  on  a  hill  about  six  miles  from  Jerusalem. 
At  the  foot  of  this  hill  is  the  Pool  of  Gibeon,  where  the 
hosts  of  Abner  and  Joab  met  in  battle.  (2  Sam.  2  :  13.) 
It  was  the  chief  Hivite  city  that  surrendered  to  Joshua.  At 
this  spot  was  fought  the  great  battle  of  the  Amorite  Con- 
federacy, which  decided  its  fate,  when  the  Amorites  were 
driven  headlong  down  the  steep  Beth-horon  Pass.  Read  the 
thrilling  account  in  Joshua  10  :  10,  n.  At  the  great  Stone 
of  Gibeon  Amasa  was  slain,  and  at  the  same  spot,  years 
later,  his  murderer,  Joab,  met  his  punishment  by  death  at 
the  hand  of  Benaiah,  Solomon's  captain.  (2  Sam.  20  :  10; 


T/ic  Third  Zone  of  Palestine.    Continued.  Judca   21 

i  Kings  2  :  29-34.)  At  Gibeon  the  Tabernacle  was  set  up 
after  Saul  slew  the  priests ;  and  on  the  brazen  altar  in  front 
of  the  Tabernacle,  Solomon  offered  a  thousand  burnt-offer- 
ings, and  here  this  same  king  made  the  choice  of  wisdom, 
above  all  other  rewards.  (Josh.  9  :  3-15;  2  Sam.  20  :  8; 
i  Kings  3:4.)  Just  south  of  Gibeon  is  Mizpah,  but  five 
miles  northwest  of  Jerusalem.  It  is  the  highest  point  on 
the  plateau,  nearly  3,000  feet.  Mizpah  is  identified  as  the 
\\  ntch-Tower  of  Benjamin.  It  was  the  center  to  whicn  the 
people  gathered  to  consult  regarding  the  rebellion  of  Ben- 
jamin (Judg.  20  :  i-n)  ;  and  again  to  offer  sacrifices  (i.  Sam. 
7:5)  and  to  elect  Saul  their  king,  (i  Sam.  10  :  17.)  It 
was  also  one  of  the  three  Judgment  Cities  of  Samuel, 
(i  Sam.  7  :  16.)  Gedaliah  was  killed  here  with  his  few 
followers  around  him.  (2  Kings  25  :  22-25;  Jer.  41  :  1-8.) 
Nob,  a  priestly  city,  lies  near  by  to  the  east,  though  its  site 
is  somewhat  uncertain,  (i  Sam.  21  :  i;  22  :  9.)  Still  east- 
ward is  AnatJioth,  three  miles  northeast  of  Jerusalem,  a 
Levitical  town  (Josh.  21  :  18),  to  which  Abiathar  was  ban- 
ished (i  Kings  2  :  26),  and  the  birthplace  of  Jeremiah  the 
prophet.  (Jer.  i  :  i.) 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  IV. 

1.  What    do    you    consider    the    four    chief    localities    and 
events  of  the  First  Zone  of  Palestine?     Of  the  Second? 

2.  What  are  the  Divisions  of  the  Third  Zone? 

3.  W'hat'are  the  chief  localities  of  Galilee?     Of   Samaria? 

4.  What    territory    did    the    third    division    of    the    Third 
Zone  cover? 

5.  What  is  the  chief  physical  characteristic  of  this  region? 
How  did  it  affect  the  character  of  the  inhabitants? 

6.  Draw  on  the  general  map  the  places  mentioned. 

7.  Make  a  list  of  the   events  connected   with  them,   and   a 
column  of  the  Bible  references. 


CHAPTER  V 

JERUSALEM    AND    ITS    ENVIRONS 

We  are  now  approaching  the  great  city  of   all   Palestine; 

See  opp.  p.  24  indeed,  the  most  sacred  city  of  all  the  world,  Jerusalem, 
passing  out  of  the  country  assigned  to  Benjamin  into  that 
belonging  to  the  tribe  of  Judah.  We  shall  consider  certain 
mountains,  rivers,  and  cities,  in  direct  relation  to  this  capital 
of  the  Southern  Kingdom,  in  order  to  fix  them  in  mind 
more  readily. 

Jerusalem  is  situated,  roughly  speaking,  about  one-third 
of  the  way  across  the  head  of  the  Dead  Sea,  towards  the 
Mediterranean  Sea.  To  be  exact,  it  is  on  a  mountain  tableland, 
2,500  feet  above  the  Great  Sea  and  3,800  feet  above  the  Dead 
Sea,  thirty  miles  from  the  former  and  eighteen  miles  from 
the  latter.  Ravines  and  gorges  surround  the  city  on  every 
side,  save  the  north.  The  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  in  which 
the  River  Kidron  flows,  is  to  the  east,  separating  the  town 
from  the  Mount  of  Olives.  The  western  valley  is  the  Valley 
of  Hinnom.  It  separates  Jerusalem  from  the  Hill  of  Evil 
Counsel,  where  the  plot  to  betray  Christ  was  hatched,  at  the 
base  of  which  is  the  Potter's  Field,  Aceldama  or  the  Field 
of  Blood,  bought  with  the  price  of  Judas'  betrayal  of  our 
Lord.  The  lower  part  of  the  Valley  of  Hinnom  was  called 
Tophet  or  the  Place  of  Fire  or  Gehenna,  and  was  used  as  a 
place  for  burning  the  refuse  of  the  great  city  above.  Let  us 
now  examine  more  closely  some  of  these  surrounding  fea- 
tures, before  studying  the  city.  The  Mount  of  Olives  is  a 
curved  ridge,  2,637  feet  high,  to  the  east  of  Jerusalem.  It 
was  along  this  route  that  David  passed  when  he  fled  from 

See  opp.  p.  24  Absalom.     (2  Sam.  15  :  23,  30.)     Here,  in  the  Garden  of  Geth- 
semane,  on  its  western  slope,  near  Jerusalem,  the  Agony  of 
our  Blessed  Lord  took  place.     (S.  Matt.  26;  S.  Mark  14;  S. 
22 


Jerusalem  and  its  Environs  23 

Luke  24;  Acts  i  :  12.)  Two  small  mountain  torrents,  prac- 
tically not  more  than  winter  streams,  flow  from  this  western 
mountain  region,  in  this  locality,  and  empty  eastward  into  the 
Dead  Sea.  One  is  the  Brook  Cherith,  probably  the  present  See  opp.  p.  24 
\Vaily  Kelt,  near  Jericho.  It  was  by  this  brook  that  Elijah  hid 
from  Ahab,  and  in  his  solitude  was  fed  by  God's  ministrations, 
(i  Kings  17  :  3.)  The  second  stream,  the  Kidron,  flows 
through  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  along  the  eastern  side  of 
the  City  of  Jerusalem,  between  it  and  the  Mount  of  Olives. 
Flowing  southeasterly,  it  passes  Bethlehem  and  runs  through 
the  crags  and  wilderness  of  Judea,  ending  with  a  dash  over 
the  rough  rocks  on  the  shore  of  the  Dead  Sea.  The  valley 
is  referred  to  by  Joel  (Joel  3  :  2,  12)  and  is  called  else- 
where the  King's  Dale.  (Gen.  14  :  17;  2  Sam.  18  :  18.) 
Rubbish  to  the  depth  of  70  or  80  feet  has  accumulated  in  this 
valley,  and  the  original  bed  of  the  river  has  moved  eastward 
as  much  as  70  feet,  on  account  of  the  huge  piles  of  debris 
that  have  poured  down  from  the  heights  above.  The  Brook 
Kidron  is  mentioned  often  in  Bible  history.  Over  it  the 
bridge  crossed  into  the  City  of  cities,  and  this  bridge  formed 
part  of  the  path  the  Master  and  His  Disciples  trod  each  time 
they  entered  the  Sacred  City.  Ezekiel's  Vision  pictures  it, 
through  his  creative  power,  as  a  spiritual  river,  rising  in  a 
tiny  stream  from  beneath  the  Temple  and  flowing,  with  ever- 
growing volume  and  power,  until  it  empties  as  a  mighty 
torrent  into  the  sea  below.  This,  of  course,  was  imaginative ; 
but  the  symbolism  of  divine  grace,  to  which  it  was  applied, 
is  forceful.  (Ezek.  47  :  1-12.)  The  Wilderness  of  Judah, 
through  which  this  river  flows,  called  often  the  Jeshimon,  is 
a  long,  narrow  district,  10  miles  wide  by  35  miles  long, 
lying  on  the  western  side  of  the  Dead  Sea.  It  is  formed  of 
plains  of  barren  limestone  rock,  which  mountain  streams 
have  furrowed  with  deep  channels.  It  is  a  barren,  desolate 
region,  until  the  rainy  season  sets  in,  when,  for  a  brief 
period,  the  "desert  rejoices,  and  blossoms  as  the  rose." 
(Isa.  35  :  i.)  Somewhere  in  this  wilderness  was  the  cave 
where  David  cut  off  Saul's  robe  (i  Sam.  24  :  1-22)  and 
where  our  Lord  was  tempted  by  Satan.  (S.  Matt.  3  :  i  to  4  :  i.) 
About  twelve  miles  from  Jerusalem,  along  the  dreary  gorge 


24  Students'  Historical  Geography 

of  the  Kidron,  on  high  rocks  on  the  very  edge  of  the  gorge, 
stands  the  famous  Monastery  of  Mar  Saba,  of  the  Greek 
Church,  founded  in  the  fifth  century  by  S.  Saba.  There  are 
only  about  60  monks  there  now,  though  at  one  time  it  was 
filled  with  an  assemblage  of  unusual  men.  Half  way  down 
this  Wilderness  of  Jeshimon,  the  sea  edge  of  the  desert,  is  a 
fertile  and  wonderful  oasis,  called  En-gedi,  half  a  mile 
square,  filled  with  delightful  fruits  and  vineyards,  made  so 
by  being  in  a  hollow  400  feet  lower  than  the  surrounding 
plain,  and  so  nourished  with  abundant  water.  (See  Song  of 
Solomon  i  :  14.)  It  is  called  to-day  Ain  Jidy.  The  old  Bible 
name  was  Hazason-tamar,  or  Hazazon  of  the  Palm.  (Gen. 
14  :  7;  2  Chron.  20  :  2.)  Through  the  Pass  of  En-gedi,  from 
the  rugged  plateau  above,  the  hosts  of  Ammon  and  Moab 
climbed  up  from  the  Dead  Sea  and  entered  that  plain  near 
Tekoa,  known  as  the  ascent  of  Ziz.  (2  Chron.  20  :  16-20.) 
A  few  miles  south  of  En-gedi,  back  of  the  desert,  about  half- 
way between  En-gedi  and  the  lower  end  of  the  Dead  Sea, 
stands  Masada,  which  was  the  last  refuge  of  the  Jews  after 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  (70  A.  D.).  It  is  one 
of  the  strongest  natural  fortresses  in  all  the  world,  1,300  feet 
higher  than  the  surrounding  land,  and  can  be  reached  only 
by  men  in  single  file,  climbing  a  narrow,  step-cut  rock.  The 
Maccabees  first  made  a  fortress  of  this  rock.  Herod  the 
Great  fled  there  in  danger. 

Returning  to  the  country  immediately  around  Jerusalem, 
See  opp.  p.  24  we  note  Bethany,  on  the  road  to  Jericho,  near  the  Kidron, 
two  miles  from  Jerusalem,  on  the  Mount  of  Olives.  It  was 
and  is  but  a  small  village.  Here  lived  S.  Mary  and  S.  Martha ; 
here  Christ  raised  Lazarus,  their  brother,  from  the  dead; 
and  here  he  often  sojourned  with  the  trio,  and  spent  the  last 
few  nights  previous  to  the  Crucifixion.  (S.  John  n  :  1-44: 
S.  Matt.  21  :  17;  S.  Mark  n  :  12,  19.)  The  site  of  Bethphage. 
mentioned  in  connection  with  the  Palm  Sunday  entry,  is  not 
definitely  known,  but  is,  of  course,  between  Bethany  and  the 
Mount  of  Olives. 

We  come  now  to  the  study  of  Jerusalem  itself.  The  city 
has  been  known  by  a  different  name  in  each  great  period 
of  its  checkered  history.  In  the  Patriarchal  time,  as  the  seat 


JERUSALEM 


GARDEN   OF  GETHSEMANE 


BROOK    CHERITH 


BETHANY 


TOWER  OF  DAVID 
Jerusalem 


LANE  LEADING  TO   HEROD'S 
PALACE 


POOL  OF  HEZEKIAH 


CHURCH  OF  THE  HOLY 

SEPULCHRE 

Exterior 


Jerusalem  and  its  Environs  25 

of  Melchizedek's  priestly  kingdom,  it  was  called  Salem,  pro- 
nounced Shalem.  (Gen.  14  :  18;  Psa.  76  :  2.)  During  the 
Jebusite  period  it  was  known  as  Jebus.  (Judg.  19  :  10.) 
After  its  capture  by  David,  the  first  time  it  was  held  by  the 
Israelites,  Jerusalem,  properly  Jeru-shalaim.  It  is  first  men- 
tioned thus  in  Judges  i  :  7,  8,  where  it  may  have  come  by 
euphony  from  Jebus-shalem.  It  means  thus  "possession  of 
peace."  It  was  called  by  the  prophets  by  the  poetic  name 
Ariel,  "the  lion  of  God"  (Isa.  29  :  i),  and  in  S.  Matt. 
4  '•  5,  27  :  53,  the  "Holy  City."  After  it  was  destroyed  by 
Titus  (70  A.  D.)  it  was  rebuilt  by  the  emperor  Aelius  Had- 
rianus,  A.  D.  135,  and  named  Aelia  Capitolina,  a  name  it  held 
till  536  A.  D.,  when  it  resumed  its  old  name,  Jerusalem.  It 
is  now  named  by  the  Arabs,  El  Khuds  esh-Sherif,  "the  Holy 
City,"  shortened  to  El  Khuds. 

We  would  recall  that  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  through 
which  the  Kidron  flows,  runs  around  the  east  and  southeast ; 
the  Valley  of  Hinnom  (Josh.  15  :  8)  around  the  south  and 
southwest,  joining  the  former  valley  at  Siloam,  which  we 
shall  study  later;  and  the  Valley  of  Gihon  (i  Kings  i  :  33) 
completes  the  western  side,  though  some  place  this  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  Kidron  Valley.  A  shallow  valley,  the  Ty- 
ropoeon,  shaped  like  a  new  moon,  runs  through  the  city 
itself,  dividing  the  lower  part  into  two  hills.  The  entire 
city  is  composed  of  four  hills.  Towards  the  southwest,  be- 
tween the  Tyropoeon  and  the  Valley  of  Hinnom,  was  Mount 
Zion,  2,540  feet  high.  It  was  the  highest  of  the  hills  and 
the  one  on  which  most  of  the  city  was  built  in  Christ's 
time.  On  it  stood  the  old  Jebusite  fortress,  which  was  at 
last  captured  by  David.  Zion  was  known  as  the  Upper  City 
and  also  as  the  City  of  David.  (2  Sam.  5  :  7-9;  i  Chron. 
IT  :  4-7.)  The  Palace  of  Herod,  Agrippa's  Palace,  and  Da-  See  opp.  p.  25 
vid's  Tomb  were  all  on  this  mountain.  Most  of  this  portion 
is  now  the  Armenian  Quarter.  The  Armenian  Convent,  the  See  opp.  p.  25 
largest  modern  building  in  Jerusalem ;  the  English  Church,  the 
Church  of  St.  James,  and  the  Environments  of  the  Holy  Sepul- 
chre are  all  in  this  quarter.  On  the  northwest  hill  is  Acra, 
2,490  feet  high,  known  as  the  Lower  City,  the  Christian 
Quarter.  In  the  lower  southwest  corner  of  this  quarter  is 


26  Students'  Historical  GeograpJiy 

See  opp.  p.  25  the  Pool  of  Hezekiah,  a  large  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of 
nearly  three  million  gallons.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  "pool 
and  conduit"  constructed  by  Hezekiah  to  bring  water  to  the 
city.  (2  Kings  20  :  20.)  The  water  comes  through  the  con- 
duit from  the  Mamilla  Pool,  far  up  in  the  Valley  of  Hinnom. 

See  opp.  p.  25  The  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  is  almost  in  the  center 
of  this  quarter,  and  is  really  a  collection  of  several  churches 
and  chapels.  It  seems  to  be  proved  without  much  doubt 
that  it  is  not  the  actual  locality  of  the  burial-place  of  our 

See  opp.  p.  28  Lord,  for  a  great  many  satisfactory  reasons.  It  could  not 
have  stood  without  the  second  great  wall  of  the  city,  without 
a  formation  in  the  wall-line  that  would  have  been  ridiculous. 
The  tomb  is  unlike  the  hundreds  of  rock-hewn  tombs  all  around 
that  locality  and  does  not  agree  with  the  Bible  story,  and  the 
accumulation  of  a  large  number  of  other  impossible  sites 
fixed  around  it,  for  manifest  convenience,  all  tend  to  dis- 
credit in  every  way  this  as  the  true  spot.  As  this  site,  with 
this  church  and  a  former  one,  has  been  the  same  since  the 
days  of  Constantine,  it  would  seem  that  we  do  not  know 
just  where  the  real  tomb  was.  Perhaps  this  is  wisely  so, 
since  God  has  apparently  intended  that  none  of  the  materials 
of  sacred  story  should  come  down  to  man  for  superstitious 
veneration  and  perhaps  idolatry.  The  Moslem  (Mohct)ii- 
inedan)  Quarter  lies  northeast,  and  is  the  largest  division 
of  the  modern  city.  Here  are  located  the  Governor's  Palace, 
the  Church  of  S.  Anne,  the  Pool  of  Bethesda,  and  the  Via 

See  opp.  p.  28  Dolorosa.  In  the  wall  of  this  quarter  is  S.  Stephen's  Gate, 
through  which  S.  Stephen  is  supposed  to  have  passed  on  the 

See  opp.  p.  28  way  to  his  fateful  stoning.  The  Pool  of  Bethesda  has  been 
recently  excavated,  near  the  Church  of  S.  Anne,  with  a  flight 
of  twenty-four  stone  steps  leading  down  to  it,  and  supporting 
arches  and  porches  along  the  sides.  The  Crusaders  built  a 
church  over  the  pool,  and  a  fresco  on  the  wall  of  the  crypt 
shows  an  angel  troubling  the  water,  a  manifest  indication  that 
they  were  certain  of  the  right  site.  The  Via  Dolorosa,  along 
which  our  Blessed  Lord  is  supposed  to  have  passed  on  the 
way  to  Calvary,  runs  from  the  Governor's  Palace  to  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  as  we  have  it  placed  to-day. 
Under  the  rock  surface  of  the  northern  part  of  this  section 


Jerusalem  and  its  Environs  27 

lie  the  Royal  Quarries,  from  which  the  huge  stones  used  in 
the  construction  of  Solomon's  Temple  were  undoubtedly  cut. 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  V. 

1.  Transfer  localities  noted  on  special  map  of  Samaria  to 
the  general  map  you  are  making. 

2.  Get  an  outline  map  of  Jerusalem    (Bailey   Series,   S.   S. 
Commission)  and  locate  carefully,  with  dot  and  name,  (a)  the 
chief  places  outside  the  city  walls,     (b)  the  four  divisions  of 
the  city  itself,  and  the  sites  mentioned  in  the  first  three  of 
them. 

3.  Make  a  list  of  places  and  events,  as  in  previous  Chap- 
ters, with  Bible  reference  for  each. 

4.  If  time,  try  to  mold  a  relief  map  in  sand,  clay  or  plasti- 
cine of  the  city  and  its  valleys. 


CHAPTER  VI 

JERUSALEM,    CONTINUED.        FOURTH    QUARTER    AND 
SURROUNDING    ROADS 

The  last  Quarter  of  Jerusalem  lies  to  the  southeast,  be- 
tween the  Tyropoeon  Valley  and  the  Kidron  Valley.  It  is 
Mount  Moriah.  On  the  northern  corner  is  the  site  of  the 
Temple  and  the  southern  section  was  known  as  the  Hill 
Orphel.  It  is  to-day  the  Jewish  Quarter.  It  contains  several 
Synagogues ;  but  has  no  large  buildings.  Its  streets  are  dark 
and  narrow,  densely  populated,  with  buildings  close  together. 
Over  the  Temple  Area,  originally  a  sharp-pointed  rock  rising 
many  feet  above  the  surrounding  land,  but  later  made  level 
by  a  wall  70  feet  high,  filled  in  with  stones  and  earth,  is  a 
raised  platform  of  almost  five  acres,  paved  with  white  marble. 
The  original  rock  rises  through  this  platform  fifteen  feet 
high.  Tradition  says  that  here  Abraham  sought  to  sacrifice 
Isaac;  later  it  was  the  Threshing  Floor  of  Araunah  (i  Chron. 
21  :  20;  2  Sam.  24  :  18-20)  ;  and  still  later  the  site  of  the 
Holy  of  Holies  of  the  Temple.  On  this  sacred  spot  have 
stood  the  Temples  of  Solomon,  1,000  B.  C. ;  of  Nehemiah 
(2  Chron.  3:1),  often  known  as  the  Temple  of  Zerubbabel 
(586  B.  C.)  ;  the  Temple  of  Herod  (time  of  Christ)  ;  and  is 
now  occupied  by  the  wonderful  structure,  the  fane  of  the 
Mohammedans,  the  most  beautiful  building  in  Jerusalem, 

See  opp.  p.  28  the  octagonal  Dome  of  the  Rock,  often  but  wrongly  called  the 
Mosque  of  Omar.  Next  after  Mecca  it  is  to  the  Moslems 
the  most  sacred  spot  in  all  the  world,  and  "after  Cordova,  the 
most  beautiful  in  any  land."  From  the  great  wall  to  the  west 
ran  a  bridge  spanning  the  Tyropoeon,  one  of  the  remains  of 
the  arches  being  discovered  recently  by  Dr.  Robinson,  and 

See  opp.  p.  29  named  after  him,  Robinson's  Arch.  The  Wailing  Place  of  the 
Jews,  gigantic  stones  of  the  wall  on  the  eastern  boundary  of 
28  ' 


CHURCH  OF  THE  HOLY 

SEPULCHRE 

Interior 


ARCH    OF    ECCE    HOMO 


POOL   OF   BETHESDA 


MOSQUE   OF   OMAR 


WAILING  PLACE  OF  THE  JEWS 
Wall   of   the  Temple 


GOLGOTHA 


S.  STEPHEN'S  GATE 


POOL  OF  SILOAM 


Quarter  and  Surrounding  Roads          29 

the  Quarter,  is  the  place  of  weekly  assemblage  of  the  He- 
brews, who  weep  over  the  lost  glory  of  the  Sacred  City.  The 
Place  of  the  Crucifixion  of  our  Lord,  Calvary,  is  pretty  See  opp.  p.  29 
definitely  settled  in  a  rounded  knob  or  hill,  outside  the  Damas- 
cus date  (the  shape  of  a  skull),  north  of  the  Mohammedan  See  opp.  p.  29 
Quarter,  not  far  from  the  Grotto  of  Jeremiah,  outside  the 
City  Wall.  The  water  supply  of  Jerusalem  came  partly  from 
natural  springs  and  partly  from  reservoirs  collecting  rain  . 
water.  The  Pool  of  Siloam  lies  on  the  southeast  of  the  city  See  opp.  p.  29 
in  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat  (Kidron)  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Tyropoeon  Valley.  It  received  intermittent  supplies  of  water 
from  a  spring  on  the  northeast  of  the  city,  brought  down  by 
a  long  underground  aqueduct.  Tophct,  or  Gehenna,  was  a 
name  for  the  lower  basin  of  the  Valley  of  Hinnom.  Here 
were  practised  the  awful  rites  of  Moloch,  and,  later  on,  it 
was  used  as  a  place  in  which  to  burn  the  offal  of  the  great 
city,  so  that  a  perpetual  fire  and  smoke  arose,  and  its  name 
naturally  became  a  synonym  for  the  Place  of  Punishment. 
(See  2  Kings  23  :  10;  Isa.  30  :  33 ;  66  :  24 ;  Jer.  19  :  6,  etc.) 
The  Fountain  of  the  Virgin  is  the  only  spring  of  running 
water  in  or  about  Jerusalem.  It  issues  from  a  hidden  source, 
under  the  foot  of  Mt.  Orphel,  about  950  feet  south  of  the 
city  gate.  It  is  probably  the  "Fountain  of  Siloam,"  referred 
to  by  Josephus,  the  En  Rogel,  or  Spring  of  the  Fuller  men- 
tioned frequently  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  the  source  or 
headwaters  of  the  Pool  of  Siloam.  The  Village  of  Siloam  See  opp.  p.  32 
is  perched  on  a  lofty  cliff,  across  the  Kidron,  opposite  this 
Fountain.  It  is  mentioned  in  S.  Luke  13  :  4,  in  connection 
with  the  fall  of  its  tower.  The  Pool  of  Siloam  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Valley  is  fed  by  a  long  underground  aqueduct,  re- 
cently discovered  and  explored,  from  the  Fountain  above 
noted.  At  En  Rogel,  Adonijah  held  his  feast,  (i  Kings 
i  :  19.)  Solomon  was  anointed  by  the  Pool  of  Siloam  (i 
Kings  i  :  38-46.)  The  canal  or  rock-hewn  aqueduct  is  67 
feet  long,  so  that  the  distance  is  not  very  great  from  these 
several  sites.  (See  also  Josh.  15  :  /  ;  18  :  16;  2  Sam.  17  :  17.) 
The  Fountain  was  probably  the  Upper  Gihon  and  the  Pool 
the  Lower  Gihon.  (See  2  Chron.  32  :  30;  Isa.  7  :  3.)  The 
recently  recovered  Pool  is  surrounded  by  massive  stone  steps, 


30  Students'  Historical  Geography 

recalling  Nehemiah  3  :  15  and  the  descent  of  the  Blind  Man. 
(S.  John  9  :  7.)  It  was  the  Pool  from  which  the  golden 
pitcher  of  water  was  brought  on  the  last,  great  day  of  the 
Feast  of  Tabernacles.  (S.  John  7  :  37.) 

Having  thus  explored  Jerusalem  and  its  immediate  en- 
virons, let  us  glance  back  at  the  City  of  cities,  e'er  we  follow 
and  examine  the  six  chief  roads  leading  from  its  portals.  It 
was  an  almost  impregnable  city  in  Bible  times,  particularly 
in  the  period  of  the  Old  Testament.  Encircling  ravines, 
much  deeper  then  than  now,  surrounded  it  on  three  sides. 
On  the  east,  south,  and  west,  it  was  practically  unassailable, 
owing  to  the  combined  natural  ravine-defenses  and  the  walls 
erected  above  them.  On  the  north  there  is  no  natural  break 
between  the  City  and  the  surrounding  plateau.  Before  the 
siege  of  Titus  (A.  D.  70),  this  quarter  was  protected  by 
three  massive  rows  of  walls,  at  some  distance  from  each 
other,  with  towers  and  deep  moats  or  ditches.  Each  time 
these  walls  were  broken  down  by  enemies  they  were  rebuilt, 
not  always  precisely  in  the  same  spot  however,  so  that  iden- 
tification of  the  old  lines  to-day,  for  certain  periods,  is  some- 
what doubtful.  Thus  the  Jebusites  were  able  to  hold  it  a  long 
period,  and  even  sent  a  mocking  defiance  to  David.  (2  Sam. 
5  :  6.) 

Six  roads  diverge  from  the  Sacred  City  in  as  many  direc- 
tions. We  shall  note  them  and  follow  several  to  important 
neighboring  towns.  The  Northern  Road  starts  from  the 
Damascus  Gate  and  runs  straight  north,  through  Shechem  to 
Damascus.  All  the  important  towns  along  this  route  have 
been  visited  by  us  in  our  previous  chapters.  The  Eastern 
Road  traverses  the  region  of  crags  and  caves  of  robbers 
which  have  ever  frequented  its  pathway  since  the  days  of 
the  Good  Samaritan,  the  road  leading  down  to  Jericho,  a 
continuous  descent  from  2,700  feet  above  the  Sea  to  1,300 
feet  below  it  in  a  distance  of  but  twenty  miles.  It  is  the  road 
See  opp.  p.  32  around  the  Mount  of  Olives  to  Bethany,  on  its  slope.  The 
Southern  Road  follows  the  crest  of  hills  to  Hebron.  On  it 
are  several  important  sites  not  yet  considered.  Just  south 
of  the  City  is  the  Plain  of  Rephaim,  where  David  twice  over- 
came the  Philistines,  after  the  capture  of  Jerusalem.  (2  Sam. 


Fourth  Quarter  and  Surrounding  Roads          3 1 

5  :  18-25.)      Six  miles  southeast  of  Jerusalem,  on  this  road, 

is  Bethlehem,  one  of  the  three  most  important  cities  in  all  the  See  opp  p.  32 

world,  Jerusalem  and   Nazareth  being  the  other  two.     Here  See  opp.  p.  32 

lived  Jesse  and  David,  and  here  was  born  the  great  Son  of 

David,   Christ  our  Lord.     It  stands  on  the  side  and  summit 

of  a  steep  hill,  and  to-day  has  about  8,000  inhabitants.     In  a 

cave  near  this  village,  Jerome  wrote  his  Vulgate  translation  See  opp.  p.  33 

of  the  Holy  Bible,  the  standard  version  of  the  Roman  Church, 

The  old  name  of  the  town  was  Ephrath.     About  a  mile  from 

the  town  is  shown  Rachel's  tomb.     (Gen.  48  :  7.)     Bethlehem 

was  the  home  of  Boaz,  the  site  of  the  exquisite  story  of  Ruth 

and   Naomi.      (See   Ruth.     Also   S.   Luke  2.  :  4-14.)      Just  a 

little   beyond   Bethlehem   lies   the    Valley   of   Elah,   in   which 

David  fought  with  Goliath  of  Gath,  leader  of  the  Philistines. 

(i    Sam.    17.)      Passing   on    through   the    Jeshimon,    or    "the 

Waste,"  the  desolate  region  south,  the  Wilderness  of  Judea 

in  which  lay  the  Mount  of  the  Temptation,  we  come  to  He-  See  opp.  p.  33 

bron,  eighteen  miles  below  Jerusalem,  one  of  the  most  ancient 

towns  in  the  world,  occupied  before  the  days  of  Abraham.    In 

the  Bible,  it  is  called  the  Vale  of  Hebron  (Gen.  37  :  14),  and 

the  expanse  north  of  the  town  is  called  the  Plain  of  Mauire. 

Hebron  was  built  seven  years  before  the  town  of  Tanis  or 

Zoan  in  Egypt.      (Num.   13  :  22.)      Abraham  dwelt  here,  the  See  opp.  p.  33 

Patriarchs  were  buried  here,  Isaac,  Jacob,  and  Joseph  called 

it  their  home.     (Gen.  37  :  14.)     It  was  a  Hittite  city  in  the 

time  of  Abraham  and  a  stronghold  later  of  the  Anakim.     At 

the  Conquest  it  went  to  Caleb  and  became  a  City  of  Refuge.  See  opp.  p.  33 

(Josh.  14  :  10-15.)     David  reigned  first  at  Hebron  and  here 

Absalom  set  up  his  rebellion.     (2  Sam.  5  :  5;  15  :  7-12.) 

The  Southwestern  Road  runs  from  Jerusalem  down  "to 
Gaza,  which  is  desert."  (See  map.)  (Acts  8  :  26.)  It 
traverses  ravines  and  deserts  and  has  no  towns  along  the 
route.  The  Western  Road  runs  to  Joppa  on  the  sea-coast. 
Four  miles  or  more  from  the  Sacred  City  it  reaches  Emmaus, 
recently  identified.  This  is  the  town  and  this  the  road  where 
the  Risen  Lord  appeared  to  his  two  disciples  as  they  journeyed 
from  the  Capital  the  evening  of  his  Resurrection.  (S.  Luke 
24  :  13.)  Kirjath-jearim,  where  the  Ark  rested  when  it  was 
brought  from  the  Philistines  at  Beth-shemesh  lies  along  this 


32  Students'  Historical  Geography 

road,  (i  Sam.  6  :  21 ;  2  Sam.  6:2.)  The  Northwestern  Road 
emerges  from  the  Northern  Road  just  beyond  Gibeah,  and 
winds  down  the  hills  to  Joppa.  On  it  are  Mizpah,  Gibeon, 
and  Beth-horon,  all  of  which  we  have  visited. 

One  other  city  only  remains  to  be  considered,  Beer-sheba, 
which  marks  the  southern  limit  of  the  country,  far  south,  on 
the  great  highroad  between  Palestine  and  Egypt. 

It  was  at  various  times  the  home  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
Jacob.  Abraham's  wells  are  still  there.  (Gen.  21  :  31.)  It 
was  the  center  of  patriarchal  history.  Here  occurred  most 
of  the  events  mentioned  in  their  lives.  (Look  up  carefully 
Gen.  21  :  33;  28  :  10;  46  :  i  ;  22  :  3,  19;  25  :  34;  27  :  23 ; 
Josh.  19  :  2;  Judg.  20  :  i ;  i  Sam.  3  :  20;  i  Sam.  8  :  2.) 
Hither  Elijah  fled  from  the  wrath  of  Jezebel.  (i  Kings 
19  :  3.)  Later  it  became  a  seat  of  idolatrous  worship  and 
was  severely  denounced  by  God's  prophets.  (Amos  5:5; 
8  :  14;  2  Kings  23  :  8.)  All  this  south  country,  centering 
at  Beer-sheba,  was  called  the  Negeb,  meaning  "dry,"  border- 
ing on  the  Arabian  Desert,  a  dry,  parched  land.  The  nature 
of  the  country  demanded  a  nomadic  life.  Consequently  its 
See  opp.  p.  36  inhabitants  always  were  a  roving  people.  Kadesh-Barnea, 
still  farther  south,  48  miles  from  Beer-sheba,  almost  out  of 
the  Negeb,  has  been  identified  recently.  A  in  Qadis  or  Ain 
Quadis  had  .been  located  in  1842  and  then  lost  track  of, 
until  the  present  generation.  Most  of  the  events  in  Numbers 
13-20  (which  see  and  read)  occurred  here.  Mount  Hor,  where 
Moses  viewed  the  Promised  Land  is  just  above  it.  (See 
Deut.  10  :  6  and  Num.  20  :  22-28.) 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  VI. 

1.  Draw  from  memory  a  rough  outline  map  of  Jerusalem, 
and   locate  the    surroundings.     Make  the   same   on   the   sand 
table. 

2.  Tell  or  write  all  you  know  of  the  several  Temples  that 
have  stood  on  the  rock  in  the  Jewish  Quarter  of  Jerusalem. 

3.  With  what  localities  is  the  name  Siloam  connected? 

4.  Write  down  the  name  of  each  road  diverging  from  the 
City  and  tabulate,  in  order,  the  chief  places  and  the  events 
and  Bible  references. 


SI  LOAM    VILLAGE 


MOUNT  OF  OLIVES 


BETHLEHEM 


CHURCH   OF  THE   NATIVITY 
Interior 


FIELD  OF  THE  SHEPHERDS 


HEBRON 


MT.   OF  TEMPTATION 
Photo  by   S.   U.   Mitman 


TOMBS   OF   THE   KINGS 


CHAPTER  VII 

THE    FOURTH    ZONE    OF    PALESTINE.        THE    JORDAN 
VALLEY    TO    THE    GHOR 

The  Fourth  great  Zone  of  Palestine,  to  the  east,  is  the 
VALLEY  OF  THE  JORDAN  RIVER,  a  vast  depression  or 
rift,  extending  north  and  south,  practically  the  entire  length 
of  the  country.  The  Valley  itself  is  the  largest  and  most 
wonderful  in  the  world,  extending  from  the  foot  of  the 
Taurus  Mountains  to  the  Gulf  of  Akabah,  a  distance  of  550 
miles.  There  are  only  three  other  such  tracts  comparable  to 
it,  one  in  Asia,  near  the  Caspian  Sea;  one  in  the  Sahara  in 
Africa;  and  one  in  southeast  California. 

In  ancient  times,  the  whole  of  Palestine  was  undoubtedly 
under  the  ocean.  Then  came  the  upheavals,  causing  moun- 
tains on  either  side,  with  a  fall  or  fracture  forming  the 
gigantic  valley.  At  the  Dead  Sea  it  reaches  a  depression 
of  1,300  feet,  the  lowest  valley  in  the  world.  Professor  George 
Adam  Smith  well  says :  "there  may  be  something  on  the 
surface  of  another  planet  to  match  the  Jordan  Valley, — 
there  is  nothing  on  this." 

Let  us  study  this  unique  region  more  closely.  The  name 
Jordan  means  "the  Descender"  or  "the  Down-comer,"  be- 
cause of  the  rushing  descent  of  the  river.  The  Jordan  has  See  opp.  p. 
three  (some  say  four)  sources,  small  streams  far  up  north  in 
the  Hermon  Range  that  unite  to  form  the  Upper  Jordan. 
The  longest  of  these  streams,  forty  miles  long,  rises  1,700 
feet  above  the  sea  level,  in  the  Fountain  of  Hasbany,  at  the 
base  of  a  cliff  near  the  village  of  Hasbeiya  on  the  western  side 
of  Mount  Hermon.  The  largest  branch  is  the  Leddan,  rising 
at  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  of  Dan,  in  a  clear,  deep  pool, 
the  largest  single  fountain  in  the  world,  and  from  it  an  im- 
mense body  of  water  rushes  down  the  valley,  though  the 

33 


34  Students'  Historical  Geography 

elevation  of  the  fountain  is  not  more  than  500  feet  above  the 
Sea.  Dan  was  the  old  Laish,  and  was  conquered  by  the 
Danites.  (Judges  18.)  After  the  Conquest,  the  Danites  set 
up  a  heretical  worship  and  a  graven  image  for  idol  service. 
(Judg.  18  :  29-31.)  Later,  at  Dan,,  the  worship  of  the  golden 
calf  was  instituted,  and  it  ever  thereafter  remained  a  heathen 
temple.  (i  Kings  12  :  28,  29;  Amos  8  :  14.)  The  third, 
and  most  beautiful,  source  of  the  Jordan  is  at  the  Fountain 
of  Banias,  a  stream  issuing  here, -midway  in  size  between 
the  Leddan  and  the  Hasbany.  This  source  is  on  the  south- 
ern base  of  Mount  Hermon.  Banias  is  the  equivalent  of  the 
Greek  name  Paneas,  the  shrine  of  the  god  Pan,  sacred  to  the 
worship  of  Baal,  the  weird  god  of  the  Phoenicians,  long  be- 
fore the  Greeks  adapted  the  grotto  to  the  Pan-god  worship, 
the  shepherd-god.  When  Rome  followed  Greece  as  Master, 
Herod  the  Great  built  here  a  temple  of  exquisite  white  marble, 
in  honor  of  his  patron  the  Emperor  Augustus  Caesar.  Philip 
the  Tetrarch,  Herod's  son,  beautified  the  city  and  called  it 
Csesarea,  distinguishing  it  from  the  other  Csesarea  on  the 
See  opp.  p.  36  coast,  as  C&sarea  Philifpi.  In  time,  the  name  Paneas  was 
restored  to  it,  and  the  Arabs  call  it  Banias.  It  marked  the 
northern  limit  of  our  Lord's  travels  and  ministry.  Near  by 
is  Mt.  Herman,  probably  the  Mount  of  the  Transfiguration. 
(S.  Matt.  16  :  13-20;  17  :  1-8.)  The  main  source  recognized 
by  the  Jews  is  the  one  at  Banias.  From  the  highest  source, 
at  Hasbeiya  down  through  the  Dead  Sea,  the  river  is  divided 
into  three  sections,  three  stages  or  levels,  each  of  which  con- 
tains a  noted  lake  or  sea.  The  river  passes  through  two  of 
these  lakes  and  discharges  all  of  its  waters  into  the  third. 
The  most  northern  and  smallest  lake  in  the  first  basin  is 
Lake  Huleh,  known  as  the  Waters  of  Merom  in  the  days  of 
Joshua,  a  triangular  sheet  of  water  three  miles  across,  sit- 
uated in  an  enormous  swamp  of  dense  and  huge  canes  and 
papyrus,  about  level  with  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  never  more 
than  7  feet  above.  The  second  and  next  largest,  the  Lake 
of  Galilee  called  Lake  Chinnereth  in  the  Old  Testament,  and 
the  Lake  of  Tiberias  in  Christ's  time,  is  a  pear-shaped  lake, 
14  miles  long  by  9  miles  wide,  682  feet  below  the  sea  level, 
in  the  section  we  have  studied  as  Galilee  or  the  Esdraelon 


Tkc  Jordan  Valley  to  the  GJior  35 

region.  The  third  basin,  far  south,  the  Dead  Sea,  the  largest  Seeopp.p.36 
of  all,  is  46  miles  long,  with  its  surface  1,290  feet  beloiv  the 
Mediterranean,  and  in  some  places  1,300  feet  deeper  still. 
Note  carefully  again,  the  downward  flow  of  this  remarkable 
river.  At  the  Hasbeiya  Springs,  it  rises  1,700  feet  above  the 
Sea,  Mts.  Hermon  and  Lebanon  on  either  side.  At  Lake 
Merom  it  is  on  a  level  with  the  Sea.  Below  Merom,  it  de- 
scends with  a  fearful  drop  of  60  feet  to  the  mile,  until  at 
the  Sea  of  Galilee  it  is  682  feet  below  the  Mediterranean. 
Here  begins  the  gorge  65  miles  long  to  the  Dead  Sea.  It 
flows  so  rapidly  through  the  Sea  of  Galilee  that  it  scarcely 
mingles  the  waters.  Along  the  gorge  below  it  drops  610 
feet  farther  in  depth.  It  flows  through  the  Plain  of  Jericho 
on  the  way,  which  at  this  point  is  a  valley  14  miles  wide  and 
400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Dead  Sea,  the  mountains 
around  rising  to  the  height  of  over  3,000  feet.  The  distance 
from  Hasbeiya  to  Lake  Merom  is  about  40  miles,  from  the 
entrance  of  Merom  to  the  Sea  of  Galilee  about  15  miles, 
from  the  northern  end  of  that  Lake  to  the  Dead  Sea  79  miles, 
making  a  direct  descent  in  length  of  134  miles.  During  this 
descent,  it  falls  over  3,000  feet,  an  average  fall  of  22  feet 
to  the  mile.  It  varies  from  80  to  180  feet  in  width  and  from 
5  to  12  feet  in  depth. 

We  will  now  explore  each  of  these  three  great  basins. 
Lake  Huleh  or  Merom  occupies  the  lower  portion  of  the 
Huleh  basin,  12  miles  below  the  site  of  Dan.  At  the  upper 
end  of  the  basin  is  the  huge  marsh,  of  which  we  spoke,  an 
area  practically  impassable,  through  its  reeds  and  papyrus, 
even  for  a  canoe.  West  of  the  lake  is  a  rich  farming  region, 
extending  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains.  On  this  plain,  by 
the  Waters  of  Merom,  Joshua  fought  his  victorious  battle 
with  the  Confederate  Kings  of  the  North.  (Josh,  n  :  5-8.) 
Yet,  owing  to  its  malaria  and  its  insecurity  from  attack,  it  is 
a  forsaken,  desolate,  uninhabited  area,  not  a  single  permanent 
dwelling  being  found  save  at  the  border  town  of  Banias. 
From  Lake  Huleh,  it  is  11  miles  in  a  straight  line  to  the  Lake 
of  Tiberias.  About  two  miles  below  the  upper  lake  the 
river  is  spanned  by  a  very  ancient  bridge,  with  a  ruined  khan 
at  one  end,  a  ford  of  the  Jordan  for  centuries,  and  probably 


36  Students'  Historical  Geography 

the  identical  spot  that  Saul  the  persecutor  crossed  on  his 
way  from  Galilee  to  Damascus,  to  imprison  the  Lord's  dis- 
ciples. The  Jordan  on  leaving  Huleh  Lake  is  60  feet  wide  and 
15  deep,  flowing  rapidly  through  a  narrow  gorge.  The  Sea  of 
Galilee  is  also  called  the  lake  of  Tiberias  (S.  John  6  :  i), 
the  Sea  of  Chinnereth  (Josh.  12  :  3),  and  the  Lake  of  Gen- 
nesaret.  (S.  Luke  5:1.)  Its  length  and  breadth  we  have 
given.  Its  depth  of  water  is  about  200  feet.  On  its  eastern 
side,  the  banks  rise  1,000  feet  or  more.  On  the  west,  the 
Galilean  hills  descend  in  terraces,  ending  in  moderate  cliffs, 
with  generally  a  broad  belt  of  lowland  between  the  cliff  and 
the  water.  On  the  north,  this  gradual  slope  forms  the  fertile 
Plain  of  Gennesaret.  The  entire  region  is  volcanic,  and  lava 
and  pumice  stone  lie  scattered  about  everywhere.  There  are 
but  few  trees,  and  a  deserted  aspect  belongs  to  it.  This  Lake 
is  little  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament ;  but  is  full  of  in- 
cidents of  Christ's  Life  in  the  New  Testament  record.  In 
the  days  of  the  Romans  Gennesaret  was  a  garden  spot,  all  the 
tiny  streams  flowing  through  its  plain  being  utilized,  and  for 
ten  months  each  year  its  orchards  and  vineyards  and  fields 
yielded  luxuriant  harvests.  In  our  Saviour's  day,  numerous 
towns  and  villages  were  nestled  on  its  hillsides  and  lowlands 
on  the  western  side,  and  every  foot  of  land  was  cultivated. 
On  the  eastern  side,  neglect  and  barreness  prevailed,  the 
desert  places,  to  which  our  Lord  so  often  retired  for  rest. 
(See  S.  Mark  4  :  35,  36;  5  :  21 ;  S.  Matt.  14  :  13-15.) 

Only  two  of  the  many  towns  of  this  wonderful  Lake,  as 
mentioned  by  the  Evangelists,  are  now  inhabited,  Tiberias  and 
Magdala;  and  both  of  these  are  sadly  changed  since  the 
See  opp.  p.  37  glorious  days  of  Rome.  We  will  commence  with  Tiberias, 
on  the  western  shore  about  half-way  towards  the  southern 
end.  The  city  was  built  by  Herod  Antipas,  and  named  by 
him  for  Tiberius  the  Emperor.  Recent  research  shows  that 
the  enclosing  wall  was  almost  three  miles  long.  Huge  and 
splendid  buildings  were  within,  a  citadel,  theaters,  amphi- 
theaters, forum,  temples,  synagogues,  baths,  dwellings,  a  noble 
scene  from  across  the  Lake.  There  is  no  direct  mention  of 
Christ's  work  there;  though  he  most  certainly  must  have 
visited  it.  Near  by  were  noted  hot  springs,  which  rendered 


KADESH  BARNEA 


JORDAN    RIVER 


CAESAREA    PHILIPPI 
Photo  by    Williams,    Brown   &   Earle 


DEAD    SEA 


TIBERIAS 


MAGDALA 
Photo  by  W.  H.   Rau 


BETHSAIDA  OF  GALILEE 
Photo  by   S.   U.   Mitman 


BROOK  JABBOK 
Copyrighted  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 


The  Jordan  Valley  to  the  GJior  37 

the  place  particularly  attractive  to  the  Romans.  Its  present 
population  is  about  5,000.  Magdala  comes  next,  as  we  go  up 
the  west  shore  of  the  Lake.  It  is  the  modern  village  of 
Mcjdcl  (Migdol  or  watch-tower)  at  the  lower  end  of  the  See  opp.  p.  37 
Plain  of  Gennesaret.  It  was  the  home  of  S.  Mary  of  Magdala, 
the  devoted  friend  of  the  Master,  known  in  briefer  form  to- 
day as  the  Magdalene.  (S.  John  20  :  16-18.)  The  town  is  also 
mentioned  in  S.  Matthew  15  :  39,  which  look  up.  Capernaum, 
next  north,  is  uncertain  as  to  site  (see  cut  13)  ;  but  the 
most  likely  one  is  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Plain.  The 
city  undoubtedly  stood  on  a  great  thoroughfare,  roads  from 
it  leading  in  all  directions.  Of  the  two  sites,  one  about  five 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Jordan  and  the  other  about  two, 
most  arguments  from  the  records  seem  to  favor  the  former. 
Capernaum  was  an  important  Biblical  city.  It  was  the  home 
of  Jesus  after  his  rejection  at  Nazareth ;  it  was  in  fact 
called  "his  own  city."  (S.  Matt.  9  :  I.) 

Many  of  our  Lord's  miracles  occurred  here,  as  the  healing 
of  the  nobleman's  son,  healing  of  the  demoniac,  healing  of 
S.  Peter's  mother-in-law,  first  draught  of  fishes,  healing  of 
the  paralytic,  healing  of  the  Centurion's  servant,  healing  of 
the  blind  and  dumb  demoniacs,  raising  of  Jairus'  daughter, 
healing  of  a  woman  with  an  issue  of  blood,  of  the  dumb 
demoniac,  and  of  two  blind  men,  the  tribute  money  in  the 
fish,  etc.  Here  also  He  called  Levi  or  Matthew  the  Publican. 
Two  at  least  of  His  Apostles,  S.  Peter  and  S.  Matthew,  had 
homes  here,  and  after  the  rejection  at  Nazareth  His  mother, 
S.  Mary,  transferred  her  own  home  here.  (See  S.  Mark 
i  :  29;  2  :  14,  15  ;  S.  Matt.  12  :  46;.S.  John  2  :  12.  Also  S. 
Matt.  8  :  14-17;  S.  Mark  i  :  21-34;  S.  Luke  4  :  33-41.)  The 
town  of  Bcthsaida  of  Galilee  is  just  above  Capernaum.  Note 
also  the  other  Bethsaida  Julias,  which  lies  a  little  east  and  See  opp.  p.  37 
north,  up  the  Jordan.  The  former  Bethsaida  certainly  lay 
near  Capernaum  (S.  Mark  6  :  45 ;  S.  John  6  :  17),  with  a 
jutting  headland  between  them.  Some  ruined  buildings  and 
an  octagonal  fountain  mark  the  probable  site.  This  town  was 
the  birthplace  of  S.  Peter,  S.  Andrew,  and  S.  Philip.  Above 
this  Bethsaida  may  have  been  Chorasin,  but  its  site  is  really 
unknown.  (See  S.  Matt,  n  :  21.)  Bethsaida  Julias  was 


38  Students'  Historical  Geography 

originally  a  small  fishing  town.  Later  it  was  enlarged  by 
Philip  the  Tetrarch  and  given  to  his  daughter,  Julias,  hence 
its  name.  On  a  slope  near  by,  our  Lord  fed  the  Five  Thou- 
sand. (S.  Luke  9  :  10-17.)  On  a  mountain  adjacent  He  was 
praying  alone  when  the  storm  broke  over  the  disciples,  on 
their  way  across  the  Lake  to  Bethsaida  of  Galilee.  (S.  Mark 
6  :  45,  46;  S.  John  6  :  15-17.)  Gergcsa  may  have  been  where 
the  ruins  of  a  town  called  Gersa,  or  Khersa  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  the  Lake,  have  recently  been  discovered.  It  may 
have  given  its  name  to  the  surrounding  country.  (S.  Matt. 
8  :  28.)  The  healing  of  the  demoniacs  occurred  here  and 
the  destruction  of  the  herd  of  swine.  (S.  Luke  8  :  26;  S. 
Matt.  8  :  28-34.)  The  modern  railroad  to  Damascus  runs 
up  the  Lake  to  Gersa,  and  thence  turns  eastward. 

The  Lake  of  Galilee  is  noted  to-day  for  its  sudden  and 
violent  storms.  On  it  was  the  stilling  of  the  tempest.  On  it 
S.  Peter  walked  to  Jesus.  It  was  renowned  the  world  over  for 
its  variety  and  unusual  abundance  of  fish,  and  the  two 
miraculous  draughts  of  fishes  came  from  its  bosom.  To-day, 
not  more  than  fifteen  or  sixteen  small  boats  ply  the  entire 
Lake,  and  they  may  often  be  seen  all  together,  tied  up  at 
Capernaum. 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  VII. 

1.  Write   down    fifteen    chief    localities   and    events    of    the 
Third  Zone  of  Palestine,  the  great  mountainous  backbone  or 
ridge. 

2.  Tell    all   you   can,    in   description,   of   Jerusalem    and    its 
environs. 

3.  Make  a  new  outline  map  of  Palestine,  and  draw  in  the 
full  Jordan  Valley  and  River  System. 

4.  Take  an  outline   map  of   Esdraelon   and   Sea  of   Galilee 
(Bailey  or  Bible  Study  Co.,  S.  S.  Commission)  and  place  each 
city  and  special  locality  (mountain,  etc.),  in  the  Galilee  region, 
studied  thus   far. 

5.  Make   a   list   of   these   cities   and   the   events   and   Bible 
references. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

THE  REMAINDER  OF  THE  JORDAN  VALLEY 

The  Fourth  Zone  of  Palestine. 

The  natives  call  the  Valley  of  the  Jordan,  lying  between 
the  Lake  and  the  Dead  Sea,  the  Ghor,  that  is  the  gorge  or  _A 
rift,  65  miles  long.  On  both  sides  the  highlands  rise  up  from 
2,000  to  3,000  feet.  The  winds  sweep  across  the  top  of  these 
mountains,  making  the  Ghor  itself  of  the  utmost  tropical 
climate,  a  veritable  hotbed.  Two  rivers  flow  into  the  Jordan 
on  its  way  south,  both  coming  from  the  east.  They  are  the 
Yarunik  or  Jarmiik  or  Hieromax,  entering  four  miles  from 
the  foot  of  the  Lake ;  and  the  Jabbok  which  comes  in  about  See  opp.  p.  37 
twenty  miles  above  the  Dead  Sea.  Within  the  Ghor  lies  an 
inner,  smaller,  and  deeper  valley,  known  as  the  Zor.  At  the 
north,  it  is  but  20  feet  below  in  depth ;  but  at  the  south  it  is 
fully  200  feet  deeper.  Its  width  varies  from  one-fourth  of  a 
mile  to  two  miles.  It  is  jungle  of  tropical  growth,  and  filled, 
even  now,  with  wild  animals, — wolves,  leopards,  and  formerly 
lions  being  among  them.  Still  again,  within  the  Zor,  at  a 
lower  level,  runs  the  tortuous,  dashing  Jordan,  from  100  to 
200  feet  wide  usually ;  but  in  the  rainy  season  a  veritable 
flood,  covering  the  entire  Zor  ofttimes.  (See  Jer.  12  :  5 ; 
49  :  19;  50  :  44;  Zech.  11  :  3;  Josh.  3  :  15;  i  Chron.  12  : 
I5-) 

The  Fords  of  the  Jordan  are  numerous.  The  river  is 
from  three  to  ten  feet  deep,  and  in  ancient  times  there  was 
not  a  bridge  the  whole  way  down.  The  Hebrew  language 
did  not  possess  a  word  for  bridge.  There  were  few  towns 
along  this  Jordan  Valley,  partly  on  account  of  the  river 
and  partly  from  the  prevailing  malaria,  the  danger  of  in- 
vasion from  wild  beasts  and  hostile  robber  tribes  from  the 
eastern  side  of  the  river.  On  the  western  side,  we  have 

39 


4O  Students'  Historical  Geography 

Beth-shan,  at  the  foot  of  the  Valley  of  J ezreel,  on  the  brow 
of  the  hill  as  it  drops.  It  was  held  by  Canaanites,  though 
allotted  to  Manasseh.  (Judg.  i  :  27.)  Ten  miles  south  of 
Beth-shan  was  Abel  Meholah,  the  Meadow  of  the  Dance, 
whence  the  Midianites  fled  (Judg.  7  :  22)  and  where  Elisha 
lived,  before  he  became  a  prophet,  (i  Kings  19  :  15-18.) 
The  city  of  Adam  was  probably  near  the  mouth  of  the  Jab- 
bok,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Valley.  (See  especially,  Josh. 
3  :  16.)  Zaretan,  which  has  not  been  placed,  was  near  this 
same  river,  and  the  district  of  Zaretan  we  know  extended  all 
along  that  region.  Succoth,  the  place  of  booths,  has  been 
fixed  as  about  a  mile  north  of  the  Damieh  Ford,  which  lies 
just  below  the  junction  of  the  Jabbok  and  the  Jordan.  Here 
Jacob  dwelt  for  a  time  and  built  booths  for  his  cattle.  (Gen. 
33  »  16,  17.)  Solomon's  brass  foundries  were  also  near  this 
See  opp.  p.  52  place,  (i  Kings  7  :  46.)  Jericho,  a  very  important  city,  was 
situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  Valley,  here  a  great 
broad  plain,  about  six  miles  from  the  Jordan,  a  mile  and  a 
half  above  the  modern  town  of  that  name.  It  was  the  first 
city  captured  by  the  Israelites  in  the  actual  conquest  of  the 
land,  after  the  wanderings  in  the  wilderness  following  the 
Exodus.  (Read  Joshua  2.)  Its  beautiful  groves  of  palms 
gave  it  the  name  City  of  Palm  Trees.  (Deut.  34  :  3.)  It 
was  a  very  wealthy  city  at  the  Conquest.  (Josh.  6:19; 
7:2.)  The  city  walls  then  fell  under  providential  inter- 
position, though  God,  here,  as  elsewhere,  may  have  used 
natural  means,  for  since  walls  were  not  built  strongly  in 
those  ancient  days,  it  may  well  have  been  that  the  steady 
rhythmic  stamp  of  many  marching  feet  may  have  set  up 
vibrations  that  rendered  the  wall  quite  ready  to  topple  over 
when  the  mighty  shout  went  up.  In  Christ's  time  the  new 
Jericho,  built  below,  was  a  noted  and  famous  city,  beau- 
tified by  Herod  the  Great  with  wonderful  palaces  and  archi- 
tectural splendors.  Here  too  the  great  king  died.  In  the  old 
Jericho,  Rahab  lived.  (Josh.  2;  6  :  22-25.)  On  its  fall,  the 
curse  was  proclaimed  against  any  one  ever  rebuilding  its 
walls.  (Josh.  6  :  26.)  In  the  time  of  Ahab,  Hiel  of  Bethel 
tried  to  revive  it,  and  fell  under  the  curse,  (i  Kings  16  :  30- 
34.)  One  of  the  Schools  of  the  Prophets  was  situated  at 


The  Remainder  of  the  Jordan  Valley  41 

Jericho,  a  school  which  both  Elijah  and  Elisha  visited.  (2  See  opp.  p.  52 
Kings  2.)  It  should  be  carefully  noted  that  there  have  really 
been  three  Jerichos.  We  have  mentioned  the  original  one  and 
also  the  Roman  one,  farther  south.  The  modern  one,  prob- 
ably not  older  than  the  twelfth  century,  was  in  between  the 
two,  as  we  have  said  not  two  miles  from  the  original  city. 
It  is  a  small  Arab  village  of  rough  houses.  Very  recently  a 
hotel  and  a  Russian  Hospice  have  been  erected  there.  Gil- 
</<//.  the  First  camping  spot  of  the  Israelites  after  crossing 
Jordan,  lay  a  little  south  and  east  of  the  ancient  Jericho  on 
the  Plain.  Here  the  twelve  stones  of  the  river  bed  were 
set  up  for  a  memorial,  after  the  passage  of  the  stream.  (Josh. 

4  :   19.)     Here  the  rite  of  circumcision  was  renewed.     (Josh. 

5  :  2.) 

At  Gilgal,  the  Passover  was  celebrated  and  the  manna 
ceased  when  the  march  reached  this  city.  (Josh.  5  :  12.) 
Gilgal  was  also  the  resting-place  of  the  ark  until  it  was  re- 
moved to  Shiloh.  Somewhere  on  the  Plain  on  its  western 
side,  probably  in  the  south,  near  the  northern  end  of  the 
Sea,  stood  the  Cities  of  the  Plain,  Sodom,  Gomorrah,  Admah, 
Zoar,  and  Zeboim,  which  were  overwhelmed  with  destruction 
in  the  time  of  Abraham.  It  may  even  be  the  site  once  held 
by  these  fated  cities  that  is  now  beneath  a  portion  of  the 
Dead  Sea,  for  the  Sea  undoubtedly  occupied  a  larger  area 
in  ancient  times.  The  Bible  descriptions  of  their  destruction 
(Gen.  19;  Deut.  29  :  23;  Isa.  i  :  9 ;  3  :  9;  13  :  19;  Jer.  23  : 
14:  49  :  18;  50  :  40;  Lam.  4:6;  Ezek.  16  :  46,  53;  Amos 
4  :  IT)  seem  to  indicate  a  bitumen  or  petroleum  or  pitch 
eruption,  similar  to  such  as  haye  occurred  in  the  oil  regions 
of  America,  due  to  compressed  gases,  intermingled  with  oil 
and  water,  forming  flaming  fire  coming  down  from  above, 
with  cinders,  smoke,  ejected  water,  which  last  would  supply 
the  encrustations  that  may  have  formed  the  pillar  of  salt  out 
of  Lot's  ill-fated  wife.  It  is  a  remarkable  proof  of  the  in- 
fluence of  climate,  country,  and  environment,  that,  as  Profes- 
sor Kent  has  pointed  out,  every  race  and  tribe  that  came  in 
and  settled  on  this  low,  miasmic,  tropical  Plain  of  the  Jor- 
dan Valley  became  in  time  corrupt  and  degenerate,  morally, 
physically,  and  even  mentally ;  whereas  those  in  the  moun- 


42  Students'  Historical  Geography 

tainous  regions,  whether  native  or  moving  up  from  the  Val- 
ley, were  hardy,  sturdy,  high-minded,  intellectual,  moral  for 
the  most  part,  and  a  better  race  of  men.  Environment  does 
mold  character  to  a  most  important  degree.  Nearly  opposite 
Jericho,  across  the  Jordan,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Valley, 
lay  the  Plains  of  Moab,  the  Plain  of  Abel  Shittim,  the  meadow 
of  the  Acacias,  extending  from  this  point  nearly  down  to  the 
head  of  the  Dead  Sea,  about  fifteen  miles  by  eight.  It  is 
still  dotted  with  ancient,  gnarled  acacias,  descendants  of  the 
Shittah  trees  of  the  days  of  Moses.  (Num.  22  :  i  ;  Josh.  3  : 
I ;  Num.  33  :  49.)  In  later  days,  although  assigned  to  Reuben 
and  Gad,  and  specked  with  their  fortified  cities,  the  only  re- 
mains of  which  to-day  are  heaps  of  earth  or  tells,  it  fell  un- 
der the  Amorites  and  became  their  land.  Of  the  several 
Fords  of  the  Jordan,  the  one  of  importance  is  Dainieh  Ford, 
just  below  the  junction  of  the  jabbok,  the  crossing-place 
from  Mount  Gilead  to  Shechem,  where  Jacob  crossed  on  his 
return  from  Padan  Aram,  and  where  the  Ephrajmites  who 
could  not  pronounce  "Shibboleth"  were  discovered  and 
killed.  (Gen.  12  :  6;  33  :  18;  Judg.  12  :  5,  6.)  The  Nim- 
rim  Ford  is  opposite  Jericho,  often  known  as  the  Upper  Ford, 
the  main  thoroughfare  to  the  opposite  shore.  Over  this  ford 
the  ark  was  borne  at  the  Conquest  (Josh.  3,  15,  16)  ;  here 
Elijah  and  Elisha  parted  the  waters;  and  here,  probably,  our 
Lord  was  baptized.  (S.  John  i  :  28.)  The  Lower  Ford, 
known  as  the  Pilgrims'  Bathing  Place,  is  five  miles  below, 
and  was  used  as  the  fords  towards  Moab.  Ehud,  Ruth  and 
Naomi  all  crossed  it.  (Judg.  3  :  28;  Ruth  i.) 

The  Dead  Sea,  of  which  we  have  spoken,  is  mentioned  in 
the  Bible  as  the  Salt  Sea,  the  Sea  of  the  Plain,  the  Sea  of 
Arabah.  (See  Josh.  3  :  16;  Deut.  4  :  49;  2  Kings  14  :  25.) 
Its  shore  is  desolate,  lined  with  rock-salt  and  cakes  of  pitch, 
save  the  southeastern  corner,  which  is  fertile  through  fresh 
springs.  Here  at  this  eastern  side  too  is  the  distinguishing 
promontory  or  peninsula  of  El  Lisan  (the  tongue),  12  miles 
long  and  6  wide.  The  Sea  is  more  than  five^  times  as  salty  as 
the  ocean,  and  extremely  bitter  to  taste. 


The  Remainder  of  the  Jordan  Valley  43 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  VIII. 

1.  Make  a  sand  table  map  of  Palestine,  in  fullest  detail,  at 
least  3x4  feet.    Let  it  be  carefully  worked  out,  spending  the 
whole  hour   (or  more)   on  it.     Mark  cities  by  lentils   (Haim- 
el's)  ;  the  mountains  by  pole  men    (S.   S.   Commission  sets), 
etc.     Put  pin-flags  for  battlefields. 

2.  Let   the   class   members   quiz   each   other   on   the   events 
located  at  the  various  cities,  battlefields,  etc. 

3.  Locate  in  detail  and  discuss  the  cities  of  the  Jordan  Val- 
ley below  the  Sea  of  Galilee. 


CHAPTER  IX 

THE    FIFTH    ZONE    OF    PALESTINE.       THE    EASTERN 
TABLE    LAND 

Climbing  up  the  hills  of  Moab  and  Gilead,  we  are  in  the 
Fifth  Zone  of  Palestine,  in  the  midst  of  rolling,  grass- 
covered  hills,  cut  by  rifting  ravines,  with  dashing  mountain 
torrents.  This  zone  is  almost  entirely  a  highland  country, 
its  general  elevation  being  2,000  feet  above  the  Sea.  The 
backbone  of  the  mountains  is  the  Anti-Lebanon  range,  lower 
and  more  irregular  than  the  Lebanon  range.  It  is  mostly  a 
series  of  broken,  parallel  ridges.  Beginning  far  in  the  north, 
a  little  above  Damascus,  we  cee  a  marked  depression  or  break, 
separating  the  East  Mountain  of  the  Anti-Lebanon  Range 
from  Mount  Hermon.  This  depression  has  formed  the  natural 
caravan  route  from  Beirut  to  Damascus.  The  southern  end 
of  this  upper  range  is  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  the 

See  opp.  p.  52  river  Abana,  the  Barada  of  modern  times.  (2  Kings  5  :  12.) 
In  a  bend  in  the  Abana  river  is  the  old  site  of  Abila,  the 
capital  of  Abilene,  mentioned  by  S.  Luke,  in  connection  with 

See  opp.  p.  52  the  Tetrarchy  of  Lysanias.  (S.  Luke  3  :  i.)  Damascus  is 
•  situated  on  a  fertile  plain,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Hermon. 
It  is  watered  by  the  beautiful  Abana,  which  divides  into 
many  small  streams,  watering  thus  the  Plain.  Its  surplus 
waters  gather  and  are  lost  in  a  Lake  at  the  edge  of  the  Plain, 
on  the  borders  of  the  desert.  Probably  no  city  of  present- 
day  existence  can  trace  its  history  so  far  back  as  can 
Damascus.  In  the  Bible  it  is  often  called  Syria.  Routes  of 
travel  lay  through  it  in  all  directions.  Hundreds  of  canals 
and  rivulets  murmur  through  the  City  and  the  Plain,  making 
150  square  miles  of  delightful  green,  in  the  midst  of  which  is 
the  white,  compact  City  and  picturesque  minarets.  The  Awaj 
River,  supposed  to  be  the  Pharpar,  rises  on  the  sides  of 

44 


The  Eastern  Table  Land  45 

Mount  Hermon  and  flows  across  the  Plain,  a  few  miles  be- 
low the  Abana,  entering  another  lake,  below  the  twin  marsh 
lakes  of  the  Abana.  (See  2  Kings  5  :  12.)  The  present 
population  of  Damascus  is  not  less  than  250,000.  Abram 
visited  Damascus,  and  his  chief  servant,  Eliezer,  came  from 
that  town.  (Gen.  15  :  2.)  Its  first  mention  in  the  Bible  is  in 
connection  with  the  pursuit  of  Chedorlaomer.  (Gen.  14  : 
15.)  David  set  a  garrison  there  (2  Sam.  8  :  6)  and  it  be- 
came part  of  Solomon's  Kingdom,  (i  Chron.  18  :  6.)  Hazael 
came  from  Damascus.  (2  Kings  8.)  It  became  the  capital 
of  Syria  in  the  days  of  that  pushing  Kingdom.  Hither  Saul 
was  journeying,  to  seize  and  imprison  Christians,  when  he  was 
vouchsafed  a  vision  from  God  and  Jesus  Christ  was  mani- 
fested to  him.  Here  he  was  baptized  and  restored  to  normal 
sight.  (Acts  9  :  1-26.)  He  revisited  the  City  later  and 
preached  boldly  in  the  name  of  Christ.  (Gal.  I  :  17.)  From  See  opp.  p.  53 
that  city  he  escaped  in  a  basket.  (Acts  9  :  24,  25.)  Look  up 
the  many  references  to  Damascus,  noting  its  power  and 
prestige,  and  its  important  place  in  the  history  of  the  Israel- 
ites. (2  Sam.  8  :  3;  10  :  6;  i  Kings  4  :  21 ;  u  :  23 ;  15  :  18, 
19;  20  :  1-34;  22  :  1-40;  2  Kings  6  :  24;  7 ;  8  :  28 ;  10  :  32 ; 
12  :  17;  13  :  25;  14  :  28;  15  :  37;  16  :  5.)  Its  final  overthrow 
is  noted  in  Amos  i  :  5. 

EASTERN  PALESTINE,  as  we  journey  southward,  has 
three  main  divisions,  Bashan,  Gilead,  and  Moab.  BASHAN 
extends  from  the  base  of  Mount  Hermon  and  the  Pharpar 
river  to  the  Jarmuk  or  Hieromax  river.  This  division  is 
again  divided  into  sections.  .  The  northern  section  is  the 
district  of  Jedur,  the  Iturea  of  S.  Luke.  (S.  Luke  3:1.)  It 
extended  probably  to  the  northern  end  of  Lake  Huleh.  The 
Hagarites  or  Ishmaelites  dwelt  there.  The  name  Jedur  was 
derived  from  Jetur,  a  son  of  Ishmael.  (Gen.  25  :  15.)  The 
divisions  of  Bashan  south  of  the  Jedur  are  longitudinal. 
Next  to  the  Jordan  side,  from  Jedur's  lower  limit  to  the  Jar- 
muk, was  the  Jaulan,  named  so  from  Golan,  its  chief  city,  a 
City  of  Refuge  under  Moses.  (Deut.  4  :  43 ;  Josh.  20  :  8;  21  : 
27.)  The  Kingdom  of  Geshur  was  in  this  district.  One  of 
David's  wives  was  a  daughter  of  the  king  of  Geshur,  and 
her  son,  Absalom,  fled  to  this  region.  (Deut.  3  :  14;  Josh. 


46  Students'  Historical  Geography 

13  :  13;  2  Sam.  15  :  8;  I  Chron.  2  :  23.)  Roman  Gaulanitis 
must  have  been  about  equal  to  the  same  region.  The  Hauran 
district  comes  next,  a  level,  treeless  plain  50  miles  long  and 
15  or  20  miles  wide,  of  loose,  volcanic  soil,  very  fertile  and 
well-tilled.  The  Hauran  Plain  is  bordered  on  the  east,  be- 
tween it  and  the  desert,  by  the  Lejah  or  "Refuge"  of  the 
Arabs,  the  rough  region  called  therefore  Trachonitis  by  the 
Greeks.  (S.  Luke  3  :  I.)  It  was  also  known  as  Argob,  the 
"stony,"  by  the  Hebrews.  (Dent.  3:4.)  It  is  a  vast  mass 
of  congealed  lava,  350  square  miles,  or  60  miles  in  circum- 
ference, a  black,  motionless  sea,  with  waves  of  petrified  lava, 
dotted  with  the  remains  of  ancient  towns,  for  it  was  the 
stronghold  of  tlic  Kingdom  of  Og.  (See  especially  Deut. 
3  :  4,  5 ;  3  :  14 ;  i  Kings  4  :  13.  Recall  also  the  reference 
in  Psalms.  Psa.  135  :  n;  136  :  20.)  Edrei  on  the  southern 
border  of  the  Lejah  was  the  capital,  and  the  battlefield  where 
Og  lost  his  life.  (Deut.  3:1;  Num.  21  :  33;  Josh.  12  :  4; 
13  :  12.)  Kenath  or  Nobah  was  also  in  the  southeastern  ex- 
tremity. (Look  up  Num.  22  :  42 ;  i  Chron.  2  :  23 ;  Num. 
32  :  42;  Judg.  8  :  4-11.)  Some  sixty  other  cities,  "the  giant 
cities  of  Bashan,"  were  scattered  over  this  Plain.  Their 
ruins  are  still  there,  intermingled  with  magnificent  remains  of 
Greek  and  Roman  architecture,  and  inscriptions  dedicated  to 
the  many  Christian  martyrs  of  Decian  and  Diocletian  Per- 
secutions. Job's  country,  the  Land  of  Us,  was  in  Southern 
Bashan,  if  we  may  trust  traditions  of  the  Arabs.  The  weight 
of  present-day  authority  places  Uz  on  the  border  of  the  desert 
near  Petra,  in  the  land  of  Edom.  The  extent  of  Bashan  is 
about  130  miles,  north  and  south,  and  from  Jordan  Valley  to 
the  desert.  THE  LAND  OF  GILEAD  extends  sixty  miles  from 
the  Jarmuk  to  the  head  of  the  Dead  Sea,  at  the  Heshbon 
river.  (Josh.  22  :  9.)  The  Jarmuk  or  Hieromax  is  nearly 
the  size  of  the  Jordan,  where  it  enters  that  river.  The  Brook 
Jabbok  cuts  across  a  little  below  half  way  down  Gilead.  The 
part  above  is  Northern  Gilead,  that  below  is  Southern,  and 
belonged  at  the  Conquest  to  Sihon,  King  of  the  Amorites. 
(Num.  21  :  24-26;  Josh.  13  :  25;  Judg.  11  :  21,  22;  Psa.  136  : 
19.)  Gilead  is  more  elevated  than  Bashan ;  there  is  less  of 
volcanic  deposit  and  more  of  limestone ;  many  forests  of 


Ttic  Eastern  Table  Land  47 

noble  trees,  among  them  the  Wood  of  Ephraim,  that  spelled 
the  Waterloo  of  Absalom.  (2  Sam.  18  :  6-14.)  "The  Balm 
of  Gilead"  has  been  sought  for  among  these  forest  trees  but 
thus  far  has  not  been  discovered.  Gilead  was  the  country 
of  Jeptha,  the  Judge  of  Manasseh,  and  of  Elijah.  The 
southern  portion  was  the  Kinydom  of  the  Ammonites.  That 
portion,  together  with  the  upper  part  of  Moab,  i.e.  from  the 
Jabbok  to  the  Arnon,  was  the  Perea  of  the  New  Testament, 
where  one  part  of  our  Lord's  Ministry  was  fulfilled  and 
along  the  border  of  which  he  was  baptized.  (See  S.  Matt. 
19  :  i,  13;  S.  Mark  10  :  i ;  S.  Luke  13  :  22;  S.  John  10  :  40.) 
Mount  Pisgah,  (Jebel  Osha)  is  the  highest  mountain  peak,  the 
most  sightly  place  in  all  Palestine,  save  Mount  Hermon.  It 
is  an  isolated  peak  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Jabbok,  "over 
against  Jericho."  From  this  point  of  vantage  Moses  viewed 
the  Promised  Land.  (Deut.  34  :  i.)  From  these  heights 
Balaam  viewed  the  Camp  of  the  Israelites.  (Num.  24  :  5-9.) 
Some  of  the  important  cities  of  Gilead  are  now  studied. 
Gadara  is  the  Um-Kcis  of  to-day,  three  miles  south  of  the 
Jarmuk,  and  five  miles  east  of  Jordan.  It  was  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Gadarenes,  the  site  of  the  healing  of  the  demoniacs. 
(S.  Matt.  8  :  28;  S.  Mark  5  :  i ;  S.  Luke  8  :  26.)  The  ruins 
of  Gadara  are  over  two  miles  in  circumference.  The  site 
of  Mahanaim  is  unsettled.  All  Bible  references  seem  to  in- 
dicate it  as  located  north  of  the  Jabbok  in  the  land  assigned 
to  Gad,  near  the  border  of  Manasseh.  (Gen.  32  :  2 ;  Josh. 
13  :  30;  21  :  38.)  At  this  spot,  Jacob  met  the  angels  of 
God.  Here  Ishbosheth  was  crowned  and  later  slain.  Here 
David  fled  from  the  pursuit  of  Absalom.  Here,  in  the  gate, 
he  waited  for  the  news  of  the  battle  fought,  and  in  the 
chamber  over  the  gate  he  wept  sore  for  his  rebellious  son. 
(See  2  Sam.  2  :  8;  4  :  5 ;  17  :  24;  18  :  24-33.) 

Jabesh-Gilead  is  identified  as  probably  straight  across 
country  from  Dothan,  at  the  modern  Ed-Deir.  It  is  im- 
portant for  connection  with  the  following  events :  the  defec- 
tion of  Benjamin  (Judg.  21  :  8-14)  ;  the  route  of  the  hosts  of 
Ammon  (i  Sam.  n  :  i-u)  ;  and  the  rescue  of  the  bodies  of 
Saul  and  Jonathan,  (i  Sam.  31  :  n,  12;  2  Sam.  2  :  5.)  Pella 
is  six  miles  northwest  of  Jabesh-Gilead.  It  is  the  city  to 


48  Students'  Historical  Geography 

which  the  Christians  of  Jerusalem  fled  just  before  the  siege 
of  Titus.  Peniel  or  Penucl  was  on  the  Brook  Jabbok;  but 
exactly  where  is  uncertain.  Here  Jacob  wrestled  with  the 
angel.  (Gen.  32.)  Gerasa  was  a  city  of  note,  about  twenty 
miles  east  of  the  Jordan,  on  one  of  the  northern  branches  of 
the  Jabbok.  It  was  also  called  Jerash.  It  is  considered  the 
most  perfect  Roman  city  existing  above  ground  to-day,  for 
more  than  200  magnificent  buildings  are  still  standing.  It 
was  one  of  the  chief  members  of  the  Decapolis,  ten  cities 
that,  at  the  opening  of  the  Christian  period,  banded  together 
in  a  confederacy  of  Greek-speaking  people  for  mutual  defense 
and  trade  propaganda.  These  cities  were  all  on  the  great 
highroads  of  Eastern  Palestine,  only  Beth-shean,  the  ancient 
Scythopolis,  being  to  the  west.  Each  city  had  an  outlying 
country  district.  Later  more  than  ten  cities  were  included. 
The  cultured  and  wealthy  of  that  part  of  the  world  were 
gathered  in  them.  Christ  visited  many  of  them  in  this  region. 
Once  so  throbbing  with  life,  this  section  to-day  is  deserted, 
and  even  the  sites  of  most  of  its  towns  are  gone.  Heaps  of 
desolate  ruins  are  all  that  mark  ancient  sites  of  a  wondrous 
civilization.  Ramoth-Gilead  is  another  of  the  disputed  sites, 
the  city  where  Ahab  died  (i  Kings  22  :  34)  ;  the  city  which 
Hazael  captured  (2  Kings  8  :  28;  9  :  14)  ;  the  city  where 
Jehu  was  proclaimed  king  (2  Kings  9  :  4.  See  also  Deut. 
4  :  43;  i  Kings  4  :  13.)  It  was  also  a  City  of  Refuge.  That 
is  was  somewhere  in  this  general  locality  seems,  however, 
certain.  Mizpah  is  supposed  to  be  Suf,  a  village  three  miles 
south  of  Geresa,  where  Jacob  and  Laban  erected  "a  heap  of 
witnesses,"  a  monument  of  stone  to  seal  their  covenant.  (Gen. 
31  :  44.)  Rabbath-Ammon,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Am- 
monites, is  on  the  south  side  of  the  Arnon,  to  the  east. 
Israel  did  not  purpose  to  make  war  on  either  Ammon  or 
Moab,  since  they  were  descendants  of  Lot.  But  they  hired 
Balaam  to  come  to  curse  Israel,  and  Joab  in  the  time  of 
David  captured  Rabbath.  In  front  of  its  walls,  Uriah  the 
Hittite  was  slain.  (See  Deut.  2:9,  19;  Num.  22;  2  Sam. 
ii  :  i;  12  :  26.)  In  New  Testament  times,  this  was  called 
Philadelphia.  The  ruins  of  Philadelphia  are  still  extant. 
The  Land  of  Moab  lies  to  the  east  of  the  Dead  Sea,  from 


The  Eastern  Table  Land  49 

the  Arnon  down  about  fifteen  miles.  It  is  a  treeless  plateau, 
4,300  feet  above  the  Dead  Sea.  It  was  held  by  the  Moabites, 
though  they  also  claimed  some  land  north  of  the  Arnon,  dur- 
ing certain  periods. 

In  this  land  Elimelech  and  Naomi  found  refuge  and  David 
trusted  his  aged  parents  to  the  king  of  Moab,  although  later 
he  waged  a  bitter  war  against  these  people.  (See  Judg.  n  : 
12-18;  Ruth  i;  4:9;  S.  Matt,  i  :  5-15;  I  Sam.  22  :  3 ;  2 
Sam.  8:2.)  Among  the  cities  of  Biblical  interest  we  men- 
tion Beth-peor  just  east  of  the  head  of  the  Salt  Sea,  the 
burial-place  of  Moses.  (Josh.  13  :  20;  Deut.  34  :  6.)  Hesh- 
bon lies  farther  east  on  the  same  straight  line,  on  a  lofty 
elevation,  200  feet  above  the  surrounding  Plain,  fifteen  miles 
east  of  the  Sea.  Heshbon  was  the  capital  of  the  Amorite 
king,  Sihon,  who  captured  it  from  the  Moabites.  (Num.  21  : 
26.)  Later  it  was  captured  by  the  Moabites  again.  (Isa.  15  : 
4;  Jer.  48  :  34;  Josh.  21  :  39.)  Six  miles  south  of  Heshbon 
is  Medcba,  before  which  Joab  fought  a  terrific  battle  with 
the  combined  forces  of  Syria  and  Ammon,  winning  the  day 
for  Israel,  (i  Chron.  19  :  6.)  Dibon  is  on  a  straight  line,  9 
or  10  miles  south  of  Medeba.  It  is  mentioned  in  Num.  21  : 
30;  33  :  345  Isa.  15  :  2.  Here  it  was  that  Dr.  Klein  discov- 
ered the  famous  Moabite  Stone  in  1868,  a  black  basalt  slab 
3l/2  by  2  feet  in  size,  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris.  It  records 
an  important  account  of  the  oppression  of  Moab  by  Omri  of 
Israel  and  the  deliverance  under  Mesha  of  Moab.  It  is  dated 
900  B.  C.  The  characters  are  in  Phoenician.  (See  2  Kings 
3  :  3-5.)  Kir  of  Moab  lies  about  six  miles  south  of  the 
Arnon.  It  was  a  noted  Moabite  stronghold.  (Num.  21  :  28; 
Isa.  15  :  i ;  2  Kings  3  :  26.)  Here  Mesha  was  besieged  by 
the  forces  of  Israel  and  Edom. 

Edom  or  A/7.  Scir,  called  Iduinea  in  the  New  Testament,  is 
the  strip  of  hilly  country  just  south  of  Moab,  lying  between 
the  Desert  of  Arabia  and  the  Wilderness  of  Paran.  The 
Brook  Zered  separates  it  from  Moab  on  the  north.  This 
Zered  was  the  stream  which  Israel  crossed,  under  the  orders 
that  terminated  their  long  period  of  wanderings  in  the  wil- 
derness, and  began  their  onward  march  of  conquest  into  the 
Promised  Land.  (See  Num.  21  :  12  and  Deut.  2  :  13,  14.) 


SO  Students'  Historical  Geograpliy 

Ancient  Edom  was  100  miles  long  and  about  20  wide.  Mount 
Hor  is  along  its  eastern  border  towards  the  north.  On  the 
top  to-day  is  a  Muhammadan  temple,  erected  over  the  tradi- 
tional site  of  Aaron's  tomb.  (Num.  20  :  23 ;  33  :  37.)  Bosrah, 
the  old  capital  of  Edom,  lies  at  the  northern  portion.  Petra  or 
Selah  is  near  Mt.  Hor.  (2  Kings  14  :  7.)  It  possesses  a  mar- 
velous rock-hewn  Roman  temple.  When  Chedorlaomer  swept 
over  Mount  Seir  or  Edom,  the  country  was  occupied  by  the 
Horites,  or  mountaineers.  (Gen.  14  :  6.)  During  the  Exodus, 
the  Edomites  forbade  the  Israelites  passage  through  their  land. 
(Num.  20  :  14.)  They  were  conquered  by  David  and  held  sub- 
ject to  his  successors.  (2  Sam.  8  :  14;  2  Kings  8  :  20;  14  : 
1-8;  2  Chron.  25  :  1-14;  28  :  17.)  They  united  with  Chaldea 
against  Judah,  and  were  condemned  for  this  action.  (Psa. 
137  :  7;  Ezek.  25  :  12.)  Later  they  were  overthrown  by  the 
Amalekites  from  south  of  the  Negeb.  The  Nabatheans, 
descendants  of  Ishmael,  then  overran  the  country.  Aretas, 
their  king,  was  father-in-law  to  Herod  Antipas. 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  IX. 

1.  Take  a  sheet  of  paper  8  x  12  inches.     Fold  three  times 
the  short  way  and  four  times  the  long  way.     Get  a  Hebrew 
World  Map  of  Bailey  Series  and  rule  it  off  the  same  way  as 
the  paper  is  creased.     Transfer  by  the  eye  the  enlargement 
to  your  folded  sheet.     The  Coast  Line  of  the  Great  Sea  falls 
within  the  upper  squares  of  the  second  row.     The  point  of 
Sinai  peninsula  falls  in  the  same  vertical  line.    The  Euphrates 
and  Tigris  rivers  lie  across  the  upper  and  middle  third  tiers 
and    the    middle    right    tier.      Palestine    Proper    lies    entirely 
within  the  middle  second  tier. 

2.  Locate  on  this  map,  which  we  will  call  the  Eastern  Bible 
World,  the  places  noted  in  this  Chapter. 

3.  Make   a  list  of  the   places,   their  names,   events  of   his- 
torical interest,  and  Bible  references. 


CHAPTER  X 

THE    SIXTH    ZONE 

The  Plain  of  Esdraelon 

One  zone  of  Palestine  yet  remains  to  be  explored, 
the  Sixth,  as  Professor  Kent  terms  it,  far  up  north.  It  is 
the  PLAIN  OF  ESDRAELON,  and,  unlike  all  the  others,  it 
cuts  across  the  Central  Plateau  from  east  to  west.  It  is  a 
rough  triangle,  one  angle  being  at  Mount  Carmel,  one  down 
south  in  the  hills  of  Samaria,  and  the  third  at  Mount  Tabor 
and  Galilee.  It  is  a  huge,  level,  treeless  plain,  watered  by 
the  muddy  Kishon.  It  has  been  called  the  key  to  Palestine, 
for  its  valleys  connect  in  every  direction  with  all  the  other 
zones.  It  has,  through  all  ages,  been  the  great  battlefield  of 
the  nations.  Esdraelon  is  the  Greek  word  for  Jezreel,  which 
is  translated  "God's  sowing,"  a  tribute  to  the  extreme  fer- 
tility of  this  plain.  The  main  section  of  the  plain  is  often 
called  the  Valley  of  Megiddo.  Among  the  noted  battles,  the 
fields  of  which  were  almost  clearly  visible  to  our  blessed 
Lord  when  as  a  youth  or  man  tie  climbed  the  hills  within  a 
few  minutes'  walk  from  his  home  at  Nazareth,  scenes  that, 
must  have  stirred  his  patriotic  heart  to  a  tumult  are  the  fol- 
lowing : — Deborah's  battle  with  the  Canaanites  occurred  at 
Mount  Tabor  when  Sisera  was  slain  by  the  wife  of  Heber 
the  Kenite  (Judg.  5,  6)  ;  and  Gideon's  victory  over  the 
Midianites  at  Mount  Gilboa,  with  the  hosts  of  Midian  at 
Mt.  Moreh.  Here  is  still  Gideon's  Spring,  where  the  300 
lapped  water,  and  put  to  flight  Midian  and  Amalek.  (Judg. 
6.  7.)  On  this  great  battlefield,  near  Shunem,  Saul  and 
Jonathan  were  slain  by  the  Philistines,  who  had  come  up  the 
Maritime  Plain  and  into  Esdraelon  by  way  of  Megiddo. 
(i  Sam.  28.)  Still  again,  the  saddest  defeat  Israel  ever  met, 
and  the  one  that  decided  forever  her  overthrow,  was  the 


52  Sttidents'  Historical  Geography 

death  of  the  promising  young  king  Josiah  on  the  Plain  of 
Megiddo,  as  Pharaoh-Necho,  the  monarch  of  Egypt,  sought 
to  battle  with  the  king  of  Babylon.  Josiah  had  been  Israel's 
hope,  a  good  king  and  a  reformer,  and  with  his  death  all 
her  hopes  vanished.  (2  Kings  23  :  28;  2  Chron.  35  :  20.) 
Here  Jehu  met  his  doom,  as  he  raged  in  his  chariot  up  the 
Valley  of  Jezreel,  striving  against  the  kings  of  Israel  and 
Judah.  (2  Kings  9.)  The  Maccabees,  the  Romans,  the 
Arabs,  the  Crusaders,  and  Napoleon  himself  all  fought  and 
struggled  on  this  same  sacred  ground.  The  author  of  Reve- 
lation called  it  Armageddon,  in  token  of  its  many  conflicts. 
(Rev.  16  :  16.) 

Let  us  locate  some  of  these  most  historic  places.  Megiddo, 
now  known  as  Lejjun,  lies  about  the  center  of  the  lower 
border  of  the  Plain,  in  the  general  direction  of  the  continua- 
tion, southeasterly,  of  the  Carmel  range  of  mountains.  Taa- 
nach,  mentioned  five  times  in  the  Bible  in  connection  with 
Megiddo,  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Canaanites,  situated  four 
or  five  miles  southeast  of  Megiddo.  Not  far  from  it  is 
Hadad  Rimmon,  where  the  great  mourning  for  Josiah  was 
held.  (Zech.  12  :  n.)  Half-way  over  to  the  Valley  of  the 
Jordan  and  a  little  to  the  north  lies  Jezreel,  the  modern 
Zerin,  now  a  collection  of  rude  huts,  formerly  the  magnificent 
royal  residence  of  Ahab  and  his  evil  court.  Gideon  and 
Saul,  Elijah  and  Naboth,  Joram,  Ahaziah,  and  Jehu,  all  had 
to  do  with  this  city,  (i  Kings  21 ;  2  Kings  9  :  34.)  Travel- 
ing northeast,  we  come  to  Shunem,  the  home  of  the  Shu- 
nammite  woman  whose  guest-room  was  open  to  Elisha,  and 
whose  son  the  prophet  restored  to  life.  (2  Kings  4.)  Abishag 
dwelt  there,  and  also  the  fair  woman  of  Canticles,  (i  Kings 
i  :  3,  4;  Cant.  6  :  13.) 

The  Valley  of  Jezreel  is  the  eastern  extension  of  the  Plain 
of  Esdraelon.  It  is  watered  chiefly  by  the  Brook  Jalud, 
emptying  into  the  Jordan,  and  rising  in  the  Ain  Jalud,  the 
Fountain  of  Jezreel,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Gilboa.  This  is  the 
supposed  Fountain  or  Spring  of  Gideon.  (Judg.  7.)  Here, 
too,  king  Saul  camped,  just  previous  to  his  defeat  and  death, 
(i  Sam.  28  :  4;  29  :  i ;  31  :  i.)  Far  over,  southeast,  towards 
the  Jordan  Valley,  is  Bethshan  or  Scythopolis,  an  old  strong- 


RUINS  OF  NEW  TESTAMENT 
JERICHO 


FOUNTAIN   OF   ELISHA 

Photo  by   S.  U.   Mitman 


RIVER  ABANA 

Photo  by    S.   U.   Mitman 


DAMASCUS 


DAMASCUS, 

Street   called    Straight 


BALBEC    RUINS 


ANTIOCH  IN  SYRIA 
Photo  by  W.  H.  Rau 


ANTIOCH  OF  PISIDIA 
Photo  by  W.  H.  Rau 


The  Plain  of  Esdraelon  5  3 

hold  of  the  Canaanites,  held  by  them  long  after  the  Con- 
quest. (Judg.  i  :  27.)  The  bodies  of  Saul  and  Jonathan 
were  hung  on  its  walls  and  rescued  from  there  by  the  men 
of  Jabesh-Gilead.  (i  Sam.  31  :  12-13.)  There  are  three  moun- 
tains of  importance  in  this  Plain  of  Esdraelon,  all  of  them 
connected  with  decisive  events.  From  the  north  downwards, 
we  see  Mount  Tabor,  near  the  foot  of  the  Sea  of  Tiberias, 
the  most  noticeable  landmark  in  lower  Galilee.  It  is  not  a  ridge, 
but  a  single  mountain,  a  cone,  cut  off  at  the  top.  From  Mount 
Tabor,  the  view  reaches  to  the  Mediterranean,  to  Mount  Ebal, 
and  to  Mount  Hermon.  Here  Barak  and  Deborah  met;  here 
the  brothers  of  Gideon  were  slain ;  here  some  traditions  place 
the  Transfiguration  of  our  Lord,  though  it  is  unlikely  that 
it  occurred  at  this  spot.  (Judg.  4  :  5;  8  :  18.)  Little  Her- 
tnon,  or  the  Hill  of  Moreh,  is  the  next  mountain,  across  the 
valley  southward,  historic  by  reason  of  Gideon's  victory 
(Judg.  7:1)  and  of  Saul's  witch  of  Endor.  (i  Sam.  28  :  4, 
7-25.)  The  village  of  Nain  is  on  the  side  of  the  mountain 
towards  the  north,  where  was  restored  to  life  the  son  of  the 
widow  of  Nain.  (S.  Luke  7  :  n.)  Endor  is  but  two  miles 
northeast  of  Nain  on  the  same  slope  of  the  mountain.  In 
addition  to  its  connection  with  the  witch  episode,  it  was  the 
spot  where  Barak  slew  the  chiefs  of  the  Canaanites.  (Psa. 
83  :  10.)  The  third  mountain,  still  farther  south,  is  Mount 
Gilboa,  a  ridge  or  range,  about  ten  miles,  from  500  to  1,500 
feet  high  in  part.  Jezreel  is  on  a  spur  at  one  end,  while 
Bcthshan  is  at  the  other.  On  the  northern  slope  Saul  and 
Jonathan  met  their  fate.  (2  Sam.  i  :  19.) 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  X. 

1.  Take  a  Bailey  Map  of  Esdraelon  and  mark  on  it  in  red 
ink  the  sites  of  all  cities,  places,  mountains,  valleys,  etc.,  of 
which  you  have  learned  in  this  or  previous  lessons.     Put  flags 
for  the  battlefields. 

2.  How    many    and   what    battlefields    were    there?      What 
crises  did  they  determine? 

3.  What  places  were  visited  by  our  Lord? 

4.  In  which  ones  did  He  perform  miracles  and  what? 

5.  Make  a  paper-pulp  map  of  Esdraelon  and  color  in  inks. 


CHAPTER  XI 

THE    EASTERN    EMPIRES 

Far  over  across  the  Arabian  Desert,  known  as  the  Land  of 
Uz  or  Kedar,  we  come  to  another  section  of  Asia,  also  a 
Bible  land,  which  we  must  hastily  explore.  From  the  great 
highlands  of  present-day  Armenia,  over  7,000  feet  above  the 
sea,  there  stretches  a  mighty  plain,  700  miles  to  the  Persian 
Gulf,  lying  between  the  great  rivers,  the  Euphrates  on  the 
west  and  the  Tigris  on  the  east.  It  has  been  called  the  Land 
of  the  Twin  Rivers.  The  upper  section  was  named  PADAN 
ARAM,  and  later,  by  the  Greeks,  Mesopotamia  or  the  Land 
between  the  Rivers.  The  lower  portion  was  Shinar  or 
Caldea.  The  northern  division  is  mountainous  limestone  and 
gypsum.  The  lower  is  low-level  land,  reclaimed  from  the 
ocean  below  by  filling-in  from  the  deposits  of  earth  carried 
down  by  the  rivers.  It  is  still  growing  at  the  rate  of  over 
75  feet  a  year.  The  lower  plain  has  not  a  mineral  or  stone 
of  any  kind.  Both  the  rivers  rise,  one  on  either  side  of  Lake 
Van,  in  Armenia,  150  miles  apart.  The  entire  country  to-day 
is  a  scene  of  barrenness  and  desolation,  inhabited  only  by 
wandering  Bedouin  Arabs.  The  cities  have  disappeared,  and 
only  tells,  or  mounds  of  earth,  mark  their  sites.  These  tells 
are  the  heaps  of  ruined  walls  and  houses,  all  having  been 
made  of  clay  bricks,  which  in  the  long  years  have  disinte- 
grated and  crumbled  away.  Beneath  these  mounds  are  the 
lost  cities.  In  1820  men  began  to  seek  out  these  ancient  cities 
and  explore  them.  From  the  middle  of  this  past  century  on, 
great  explorers  and  men  of  science  and  learning  have  devoted 
lives  and  money  to  the  labor  of  digging  out  the  buried  ruins, 
and  rich  biblical  treasures  have  amply  repaid  them. 

We  will  begin  with  Caldea,  also  called  Shinar  and  Baby- 
lonia, in  the  south.  This  is  the  plain  south  of  Bagdad.  The 

54 


The  Eastern  Empires  55 

early  inhabitants  were  Cushites,  of  the  stock  of  Ham.  Ur  of 
the  Caldees  (Mugheir)  was  the  birthplace  of  Abram.  The 
first  empire  began  there,  probably  in  2800  B.  C,  and  lasted 
till  about  538  B.  C.  Babylon  then  became  the  capital.  Bor- 
sipfa  is  the  ruins  of  Birs  Nimrud,  near  Babylon,  the  supposed 
situation  of  the  Tower  of  Babel.  The  remains  of  the  stage 
tower  seem  to  have  been  identified.  Nippur,  Nifur,  is  on  the 
canal  or  River  Chebar,  in  the  central  part  of  the  plain  south 
of  Babylon.  It  was  the  sanctuary  of  the  heathen  god,  Bel.  A 
wonderful  library  has  been  brought  to  light  here,  some  tab- 
lets being  as  ancient  as  2000  B.  C. 

Above  Babylon  lies  Mesopotamia,  Araui-naharaim,  the 
Syria  of  the  Two  Rivers.  The  northern  part  contains  Or  fa 
or  Edessa  and  Haran,  Abram's  city  of  sojourn  on  the  way  to 
Canaan.  Mesopotamia  is  mentioned  in  the  Bible  only  once 
as  a  kingdom  (Judg.  3:8),  for  later  it  was  a  part  of  the 
rising  kingdom  of  Assyria. 

The  next  tier  of  kingdoms,  looking  eastward,  begins  with 
Armenia  on  the  north,  a  translation  of  the  name  Ararat,  on 
some  mountain  peak  of  which  Noah's  Ark  rested  after  the 
flood.  (Gen.  8:4.)  Next  south  comes  Assyria,  always 
Asshur  in  the  Bible,  now  the  kingdom  of  Kurdistan,  a  moun- 
tain range  separating  it  from  Armenia  on  the  north.  It  runs 
half-way  down  the  Tigris  on  the  south.  Nineveh,  the  capital 
of  Assyria  under  Sennacherib  (700  B.  C.),  is  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Tigris,  towards  the  north.  Very  recently  it  has  been 
unearthed  and  explored.  The  wonderful  palace  of  this  king 
is  being  uncovered,  supposed  to  have  been  the  most  extensive 
and  magnificent  in  the  world.  Seventy-one  rooms  have  al- 
ready been  explored.  Enormous  libraries  of  clay  tablet  brick 
books  have  been  uncovered,  all  written  in  cuneiform  or  wedge- 
shaped  letters  on  baked  clay,  containing  records  of  untold 
value  both  for  history  and  for  the  corroboration  of  the  Bible. 
The  famous  library  of  Asshurbanipal  is  among  them.  The 
books  are  being  gradually  translated  and  published.  The 
story  of  the  archaeological  discoveries  in  Babylonia,  Palestine 
and  Egypt  reads  like  tales  of  entrancing  adventure,  and  wil! 
well  repay  farther  study  by  the  reader.  Calah,  the  ruins  of 
Nimrud,  is  18  miles  below  Nineveh,  on  the  Tigris.  It  was  an 


56  Students'  Historical  Geography 

early  capital.  (Gen.  10  :  u.)  It  was  here  that  the  great 
Black  Obelisk  was  found.  Dur-sharrukin,  where  Sargon's 
palace  was  built,  covering  more  than  25  acres,  is  18  miles 
northeast  of  Nineveh.  It  is  probable  that  all  the  four  cities 
noted  in  Genesis  10  :  n,  12  were  within  the  wall  surrounding 
Nineveh.  Elam  or  Susiana  lies  next  south,  between  the 
Zagros  Mountains  and  the  Tigris  River.  Susa  or  Shushan 
was  its  capital,  and  later  on  the  capital  of  the  Medo-Persian 
empire.  The  mound  that  covers  it  is  partly  unearthed.  The 
palace  of  Esther  has  been  discovered.  (Esther  i.)  The  most 
important  "find"  is  a  cut  slab  with  the  law  code  of  Kham- 
murabi,  king  of  Shinar  in  the  time  of  Abram,  many  of  the 
laws  being  closely  akin  to  the  laws  of  Moses  in  the  Bible. 

On  the  east  of  the  Persian  Gulf  lies  Persia,  a  small  land, 
and  mostly  a  barren  region.  Persipolis,  in  the  center,  one  of 
its  ancient  capitals,  has  splendid  ruins,  showing  it  to  have 
been  a  great  city  once.  Persia  did  not  rise  into  power  until 
Babylon  fell,  536  B.  C.  It  then  ruled  over  all  lands  from 
India  to  Ethiopia  and  became  the  greatest  of  all  the  empires. 
It  was  overthrown  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  330  B.  C.  Its 
capital  then  was  Susa,  Shushan,  of  which  we  have  learned. 

Still  farther  east,  reaching  to  the  Caspian  Sea  and  beyond, 
lies  Media,  the  old  Madai.  (Gen.  10  :  2.)  The  Medes  were 
of  Aryan  or  Japhetic  descent.  The  empire  of  Media  arose  in 
633  B.  C.,  conquered  Assyria,  Armenia,  and  Persia,  and  be- 
came the  Medo-Persian  Empire,  overcoming  the  Babylonian 
in  536  B.  C.,  afterwards  to  be  swallowed  up  by  Persia.  It  is 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Persia  to-day.  The  Persians  who 
come  to  America  are  from  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Uru- 
iniah,  to  the  east  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Syria,  the  Hebrew  Aram,  used  very  indefinitely  to  include 
even  Palestine,  is  in  its  proper  sense  applied  to  that  region 
north  of  Mount  Hermon  and  east  of  Phoenicia,  to  the  desert 
on  the  east  and  Amanus  Mountains  on  the  north.  The  only 
point  where  it  touches  the  Mediterranean  is  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Orontes.  There  are  three  divisions  to  this  land.  On 
the  north  it  is  AN  ELEVATED  PLATEAU,  thinly  inhabited.  Between 
the  Anti-Lebanon  and  Lebanon  Mountains  is  COELE-SYRIA  or 
Hollow  Syria,  with  the  Orontes  flowing  north  in  it  and  the 


LYSTRA 


TARSUS 
Photo  by  W.  H.  Rau 


MILETUS 
Photo  by  W.  H.  Rau 


EPHESUS 
Photo  by  W.  H.  Rau 


TROAS 
Photo  by  Riley 


PHILIPPI 
Photo  by  W.   H.   Rau 


ATHENS 
General    View 
Photo  by   S.  U.   Mitman 


ATHENS,   MARS   HILL 
Photo  by   S.  U.  Mitman 


The  Eastern  Empires  57 

Litany  flowing  south.  The  third  section  is  the  eastern  level 
PLAIN  OF  DAMASCUS,  of  which  we  have  spoken  in  dealing 
with  the  zone  of  Palestine,  east  of  the  Jordan.  Among  the 
important  cities  not  treated  before  is  Carchemish,  on  the  up- 
per Euphrates,  the  ruins  of  which  are  found  at  Jerablus 
now.  It  was  for  centuries  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Hittite 
kingdom.  Another  is  Ant  lock  in  Syria,  not  to  be  confounded 
with  the  other  Antioch  in  Pisidia  (Asia  Minor).  S.  Paul 
visited  both  of  these  towns. 

It  was  captured  by  Pharaoh-Necho  after  the  victory  at 
Mcgiddo  (608  B.  C.),  but  Nebuchadnezzar  retook  it  three 
years  later.  (2  Chron.  35  :  20;  Jer.  46  :  2.)  Hamath  is  on 
the  Orontes,  near  the  northern  limits  of  Palestine.  Its  king 
sent  presents  to  David  when  he  defeated  the  king  of  Zobah. 
It  is  mentioned  frequently  in  the  Bible.  (Look  up  Num. 
13  :  21 ;  34  :  8;  2  Sam.  8:852  Chron.  8:452  Kings  14  :  28; 
18  :  14;  19  :  13.)  Tadmor  or  Palmyra,  the  City  of  Palms, 
is  in  an  oasis  about  150  miles  from  Damascus,  northeast. 
It  is  mentioned,  too,  in  the  Bible  and  has  now  extensive 
ruins  remaining.  (2  Chron.  8:451  Kings  9  :  18.)  Baalbec,  See  opp.  p.  53 
the  City  of  Baal  or  City  of  the  Sun,  the  Greek  Heliopolis,  is 
in  Coele-Syria,  35  miles  from  Damascus.  There  are  wonder- 
ful ruins  there  to-day,  two  great  temples  and  other  buildings, 
often  visited  by  travelers.  Riblah  is  on  the  Orontes,  35  miles 
from  Baalbec.  Pharaoh-Necho  and  Nebuchadnezzar  both  had 
headquarters  there.  Antioch,  in  Syria,  was  founded  about  See  opp.  p.  53 
300  B.  C.,  and  is  located  towards  the  mouth  of  the  Orontes. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Syria  for  a  long  period,  and  the  third 
most  important  city  in  the  Roman  empire,  coming  next  to 
Rome  and  Alexandria.  It  was  here  that  the  disciples  were 
first  called  Christians.  It  was  named  Antioch  the  Beautiful 
and  the  Crown  of  the  East.  It  is  now  a  city  of  some  6,000 
souls.  Scleucia,  at  the  mouth  of  this  same  river,  was  the  Port 
of  Antioch. 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  XL 

i.  On  your  creased-paper  outline  map  of  the  Eastern  World, 
color  in  in  crayons  or  water  colors  the  kingdoms  mentioned 
in  this  chapter. 


58  Students'  Historical  Geography 

2.  Mark  in  and  name  the  cities  and  places. 

3.  Color    the    Littlefield    Historical    Old    Testament    Maps 
ahead    and   note   which  kingdoms   in   order   rose   into   power 
and  waned. 


CHAPTER  XII 

THE    LANDS    OF   ST.    PAUL'S    LABORS. ASIA    MINOR,   THE 

MEDITERRANEAN,    GREECE,     ROME 

Asia  Minor  is  the  peninsula  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
Continent  of  Asia,  jutting  out  towards  Greece  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  Black  (Euxine)  Seas.  It  was  com- 
posed of  some  fourteen  provinces  (ten  of  which  are  men- 
tioned in  the  New  Testament),  combined  under  the  Roman 
government,  politically,  into  seven.  On  the  north  Bithynia 
(Acts  16  :  7;  i  S.  Peter  i  :  i),  Paphlagonia,  and  Pontus 
(Acts  2:9;  18  :  2;  i  S.  Peter  i  :  i)  formed  the  Roman 
PROVINCE  OF  BITHYNIA  AND  PONTUS.  To  the  west,  Mysia 
(Acts  16  :  7,  8),  Lydia,  Caria  and  part  of  Phrygia  formed  the 
PROVINCE  OF  ASIA.  When  Asia  is  mentioned  in  the  Bible  it 
never  means  the  Continent,  but  this  Province.  Southeast  of 
Asia  is  Lycia  (Acts  27  :  5)  ;  next  comes  Pamphylia.  (Acts 
13  :  13.)  Then  the  Kingdom  of  Antiochus,  then  Cilicia. 
(Acts  6  :  9.)  North  of  the  Kingdom  of  Antiochus  was  Cap- 
padocia  (Acts  2:9),  and  in  the  very  center  was  the  large 
Province  of  Galatia,  including  Lycaonia.  (Acts  14  :  1-23.) 
Excepting  Jews  and  Jewish  converts,  all  the  inhabitants  of 
this  vast  region  of  156,000  square  miles  were  idolaters,  with 
many  gods  and  many  religions.  Most  of  the  people  were 
Greek  colonists ;  some  were  Romans,  some  Jews,  and  many 
native  races.  These  latter  lived  chiefly  outside  of  the  large 
cities,  which  were  occupied  by  Greeks,  Romans,  and  Jews. 

Looking  at  each  province  in  order,  we  find  that  S.  Paul  did 
not  enter  BITHYNIA-PONTUS  at  all,  though  S.  Peter  in  his 
First  Epistle  sends  a  greeting  to  Christians  of  Bithynia  and 
of  Pontus.  He  also  does  likewise  for  the  Christians  of 
CAPPADOCIA,  some  of  whom  heard  him  on  the  Day  of  Pente- 
cost at  Jerusalem.  (Acts  i.)  S.  Paul  did  not  visit  this 

59 


60  Students'  Historical  Geography 

province  either.  GALATIA,  as  a  province,  included  Galatia 
proper,  a  region  settled  by  Gauls  about  300  B.  C,  and  South 
Galatia,  composed  of  Lycaonia,  Pisidia,  and  part  of  Phrygia. 
Ancyra  was  the  capital  of  the  whole  province.  It  is  now 
called  Angora,  and  was  the  source  of  the  Angora  goats. 
See  opp.  p.  53  Antioch  was  the  principal  city  of  South  Galatia,  to  be  care- 
fully distinguished  from  Antioch  in  Syria.  This  one  was 
called  Antioch  towards  Pisidia,  though  it  was  actually  in 
Phrygia.  S.  Paul  visited  it,  and  found  a  goodly  Jewish  colony 
settled  there.  (Acts  13  :  14.) 

Iconium,  Lystra,  and  Derbe  are  other  important  cities,  all 
of  them  visited  by  S.  Paul  in  his  several  missionary  journeys. 
See  OPP.  p.  56  It  was  at  Lystra  that  the  citizens  thought  S.  Paul  and  S. 
Barnabas  were  gods  and  tried  to  worship  them.  The  uncer- 
tainty of  the  use  of  the  name  "Galatia,"  whether  intending 
to  designate  simply  the  northern  portion  of  the  Province  or 
the  whole  of  it,  has  given  rise  to  the  controversy  as  to  the 
Epistle  to  the  Galatians,  written  by  S.  Paul.  The  general 
view  to-day,  called  the  South  Galatian  View,  is  that  it  was 
intended  for  the  Christians  of  Lystra,  Derbe,  Iconium,  and 
Antioch,  and  that  S.  Paul  never  visited  the  northern  district 
See  opp.  p.  56  at  all.  In  CILICIA,  Tarsus  was  the  principal  city,  and  was 
famous  for  being  the  birthplace  of  S.  Paul.  In  LYCIA,  Myra, 
the  capital,  was  three  miles  from  the  mouth  of  a  river.  S. 
Paul  stopped  there  on  the  last  voyage  to  Rome.  (Acts  27  : 
5.)  Patara  was  near  the  mouth  of  the  River  Xanthus,  an 
important  commercial  city,  devoted  to  the  worship  of  Apollo. 
(Acts  21  :  i.)  S.  Paul  also  stopped  there.  ASIA  was  the 
largest  of  the  Provinces  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  most  im- 
See  opp.  p.  56  portant.  In  the  subdivision,  Caria,  was  the  town  of  Miletus, 
one  of  the  leading  Ionian  cities.  Messengers  were  sent  to 
this  town  by  S.  Paul.  (Acts  20  :  15-17.)  In  the  Lydia  sub- 
See  opp.  p.  56  division  is  Ephesus,  the  capital  of  the  province,  and  the  great- 
est trade  center  of  that  region,  owing  to  its  fine  harbor. 
Here  was  centered  the  worship  of  Diana,  the  Roman  equivalent 
of  the  Greek  Artemis.  A  rich  business  in  making  silver 
shrines  of  the  goddess  was  carried  on  in  this  town.  (Acts 
19  :  24.)  S.  Paul  spent  much  time  and  wrought  great  results 
here.  Smyrna,  forty  miles  from  Ephesus,  had  as  its  chief 


CORINTH,    OLD 
Photo   by  W.   H.   Rau 


CORINTH,  MODERN 
Photo  by  Williams,   Brown   &  Earle 


CENCHREA 
Photo   by  W.   H.   Rau 


MITYLENE 
Photo   by  W.   H.   Rau 


ISLAND  OF  PATMOS 
Photo  by  Williams,   Brown   &  Earle 


MALTA 
Photo   by  Williams,    Brown   &   Earle 


SYRACUSE 
Photo  by  W.   H.   Rau 


RHEGIUM 
Photo  by  Williams,   Brown  &   Earle 


The  Lands  of  St.  Paid 's  Labors  6 1 

gods,  Nemesis  and  Dionysus,  the  god  of  wine.  Ignatius, 
the  Christian  Bishop  of  Smyrna,  was  thrown  to  wild  beasts 
and  met  his  death  as  a  martyr  in  the  amphitheater  here,  and 
here  also  Bishop  Polycarp,  a  disciple  of  S.  John,  was  burned 
at  the  stake.  Sardis,  Philadelphia,  and  Thyatira  are  other 
cities  of  this  same  district,  the  former  noted  for  its  dyers' 
guilds  (Acts  16  :  14)  and  both  mentioned  in  the  letters  to 
the  Seven  Churches  in  Revelation,  Chapters  2  and  3. 

In  the  Phrygia  district  are  Laodicaea  and  Colossc,  cities 
which  S.  Paul  does  not  seem  to  have  visited;  but  which  are 
mentioned  in  his  writings.  (See  Acts  20  :  17;  21  :  i;  Col. 
4  :  9,  12,  16,  17.)  They  may  have  been  founded  by  S.  Paul's 
helpers,  while  he  was  laboring  at  Ephesus.  Colosse  was  the 
home  of  Philemon,  Onesimus,  and  Epaphros.  Pergamos,  in 
MYSIA,  is  said,  at  one  time,  to  have  been  the  most  beautiful 
city  in  all  Asia  Minor.  It  had  a  magnificent  temple  to 
Aphrodite  and  another  to  Esculapius.  Troas  was  another  See  opp.  p.  57 
important  city  of  the  same  district,  situated  on  the  Aegean 
Sea. 

We  now  cross  over  to  Greece.  All  the  places  visited  by 
S.  Paul  and  his  co-workers  in  this  section  are  included  in 
Achaia  and  Macedonia,  provinces  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
ACHAIA  was  the  Roman  name  for  the  little  land  of  Greece, 
the  ruling  state  of  which  was  Achaia,  from  which  the  name 
was  applied  to  the  whole  region.  MACEDONIA  was  the  district 
north  of  Achaia,  famous  for  its  mighty  kings,  Philip  of 
Macedon'  and  Alexander  the  Great.  Crossing  from  Troas, 
in  Mysia,  S.  Paul  went  first  to  Philippi  (Acts  16  :  12-40),  See  opp.  p.  57 
named  after  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander.  Near  it  was 
fought  the  world-battle  between  Augustus  and  Antony,  and 
Brutus  and  Cassius,  which  crushed  the  hope  of  a  Roman 
republic  and  began  the  empire.  It  was  a  Roman  colony  and 
its  rulers  bore  Roman  titles.  Here  Lydia  the  first  European 
convert  was  baptized,  a  church  was  founded,  S.  Paul  and 
Silas  were  scourged,  a  jailer  was  converted  to  Christianity, 
and  much  people  brought  to  the  Master.  (See  Acts  16  :  3, 
9-12;  i  Thess.  i  :  7,  8.)  It  was  called  the  Chief  City  of 
Macedonia  in  the  Book  of  Acts.  Neapolis  was  the  port  of 
Philippi.  Amphipolis  was  33  miles  southwest  of  Philippi, 


62  Students'  Historical  Geography 

three  miles  from  the  sea.  In  S.  Paul's  time,  it  had  started  on 
the  wane,  having  no  synagogue  and  few,  if  any,  Jews.  He 
tarried  there  but  a  day.  (Acts  17  :  I.)  Thessalonica  was 
the  capital  of  the  whole  province.  It  was  forty  miles  from 
Amphipolis.  It  had  a  synagogue  and  many  Jews  dwelt  there. 
S.  Paul  founded  there  a  Church  of  Gentiles,  and  wrote  two 
Epistles  to  them.  The  people  stirred  up  a  riot  and  expelled 
the  Apostles  from  the  city.  At  the  present  day,  under  the 
name  Saloniki,  it  ranks  as  the  second  city  of  European  Tur- 
key, with  a  population  of  80,000  persons.  (See  Acts  17  :  1-9; 
i  Thess.  i  :  7,  8.)  Berea  (Acts  17  :  10-13),  thirty-five  miles 
from  the  preceding,  was  a  small  city,  selected  by  S.  Paul  be- 
cause of  its  retirement.  Its  inhabitants  accepted  the  Gospel 
gladly,  giving  eager  attention  to  its  preachment.  In  fact 
the  title  Berean  has  stood  as  a  synonym  for  faithful  Bible 
students  ever  since. 

See  opp.  p.  57  In  AcHAiA  OR  GREECE,  Athens  was  the  most  famous  city  of 
all  the  world.  (Acts  17  :  15-34.)  It  was  situated  on  a  jutting 
promontory  on  the  south,  surrounded  by  noted  mountains,  and 

See  opp.  p.  57  itself  cut  up  in  the  center  by  four  hills ;  the  Acropolis,  sur- 
mounted by  the  Parthenon ;  the  Areopagus,  where  S.  Paul 
preached  his  startling  sermon ;  the  Pnyx ;  and  the  Museum. 
In  S.  Paul's  time,  Athens,  though  not  the  political  center, 
was  still  the  literary  focus  of  the  Empire.  No  church  ap- 
pears to  have  been  founded  by  S.  Paul,  as  the  outcome  of 
this  sermon;  but  four  centuries  later,  that  very  Parthenon 
became  a  Christian  church  and  the  Athenians  the  most  hostile 
foes  of  image  worship.  It  had  been  the  chief  city  of  images 
and  shrines  before.  All  the  gods  were  honored,  Apollo, 
Zeus,  Bacchus,  Mercury,  etc.,  all  had  temples.  On  Mars'  Hill, 
the  Areopagus  met,  the  famous  Council  or  Court,  from  which 
the  hill  was  named.  In  the  Parthenon,  the  temple  of  Pallas, 
was  the  great  statue  of  ivory  and  gold  made  by  Phidias. 

See  opp.  p.  60  Corinth  was  at  the  middle  of  the  Grecian  Isthmus,  with  two 
Ports,  east  and  west,  Cenchreae  and  Lechaeum.  (Acts 

See  opp.  p.  60  18  :  1-18.)  It  was  forty  miles  from  Athens.  The  Isthmus 
is  here  10  miles  wide.  It  was  the  residence  of  the  Proconsul 
and  the  commercial  and  political  center  of  Greece.  A  very 
wicked  and  licentious  city  it  was,  and  near  it  were  celebrated 


The  Lands  of  St.  Paul's  Labors  63 

the  Isthmian  games.     S.  Paul  preached  in  Corinth  a  year  and 

a  half,  working  at  his  trade  of  tent-making.     Here  he  wrote 

the  two  Epistles  to  the  Thessalonians.     After  he  left  Corinth, 

he  addressed  the  Corinthians  two  Epistles.     During  the  wars 

with  Rome,  Corinth  was  utterly  sacked  and  destroyed.     For 

a  century  it  lay  in  ruins.     Then  it  was  rebuilt  and  became  a 

Roman  colony.     Now  only  a  tiny  village  marks  its  desolate 

site.     Cenchreae   (Acts  18  :  18)   was  the  city  where  S.  Paul  See  opp.  p.  60 

cut  off  his  hair  in  the  Levitical  vow  and  established  a  Church 

(Rom.  16  :  i,  2)  and  had  a  deaconess  there,  named  Phebe. 

There  are  several  Islands  of  importance  in  Bible  history. 
Some  are  in  the  AEGEAN  SEA  and  some  in  the  MEDITERRANEAN. 
In  the  AEGEAN  SEA,  we  have,  beginning  at  the  northern  end, 
Sainothracia,  a  small   but  lofty   island;   Mitylene   or  Lesbos,  See  opp.  p.  60 
famous   as   the   home   of   the    Greek   poetess,    Sappho    (Acts 

26  :  14)  ;  Chios,  another  island,  said  to  have  been  the  birth- 
place  of   Homer    (Acts   20  :  15)  ;   Samos,   the  birthplace   of 
Pythagoras,  the  philosopher   (Acts  20  :  15);  Patmos,  twenty  .See  opp.  p.  6 
miles  south  of  Samos,  was  the  island  of  S.  John's  apocalyptic 

vision  recorded  in  the  Book  of  Revelation.  Trogyllium,  a 
town  or  cape  on  Asia  Minor,  the  anchorage  of  S.  Paul's  party, 
still  called  "S.  Paul's  Port"  (Acts  20  :  15)  ;  Coos,  now  called 
Stanchio  (Acts  21  :  i)  and,  in  the  MEDITERRANEAN,  Rhodes, 
an  island  of  note,  46  miles  long  and  18  miles  wide,  where  the 
figure  of  Colossus  stood,  100  feet  high,  overthrown  by  an 
earthquake  and  so  prostrate  at  S.  Paul's  visit  (Acts  21  :  i)  ; 
Cyprus,  named  from  its  rich  copper  mines  (Greek,  Kupros, 
copper),  spoken  of  in  the  Old  Testament  as  Chittim  (Isa. 
23  :  12),  whose  favorite  goddess  was  Aphrodite,  the  birth- 
place of  S.  Barnabas,  governed  when  S.  Paul  passed  it  (Acts 

27  :  4)  by  a  proconsul,  ruling  over  four  large  cities,  Paphos, 
Salamis,  Amathus,  and  Citium;  Crete  or  Candid,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Aegean  Sea,  an  island  with  an  area  of  3,300 
square  miles,  with  100  cities  to  its  credit  (Acts  2  :  n),  among 
which  was  Fair  Havens,  where  S.  Paul's  vessel  touched  for 
anchorage  and  temporary  safety   (Acts  27  :  7-13),   (over  this 
island,   S.  Titus  ruled  as  Bishop   (Titus  i  :  5)    a  little  later; 

Malta,  the  ancient  Melita,  now  under  British  rule,  on  which  See  opp.  p.  61 
island  the  vessel  was  shipwrecked    (Acts  28  :  7)    and  where 


64  Students'  Historical  Geography 

the  prisoners  stayed  all  winter,  setting  sail  for  Rome  in  the 
spring. 
Italy    is    our   only    remaining,    untraversed    Bible    land. 

At  its  foot  was  the  great  island  of  SICILY.    On  the  last  Voyage 
See  opp.  p.  61  to  Rome,  S.  Paul  stopped  at  Syracuse,  on  the  eastern  shore. 
See  opp.  p.  61  (Acts   28  :  12.)      The   next    important   town    is   Rhegium,   at 
the    toe    of   the    Italian    boot,    now    the    flourishing    town    of 
Rheggio.      (Acts    28  :  13.)      Half-way    up    the    Italian    coast 
towards    Rome    is    Puteoli,    near    Naples,    one    of    the    lead- 
ing ports  of  Italy,  being  to  Rome  what  Liverpool  is  to  Lon- 
don.    Here  S.  Paul  found  a  Christian  Church  and  remained 
See  opp.  p.  64  a  week.     The  city  is  now  Pozzuoli.     At  a  place,  called  Appii 
See  opp.  p.  64  Forum,  the  Forum  of  Appius,  the  Appian  Way,  43  miles  from 
Rome,   and   again   at    Three    Taverns,    10   miles   on,    S.    Paul 
stopped,    met    Christians,    and    received  ,a    welcome.       (Acts 
See  opp.  p.  64  28  :  15.)     Rome  stands  on  the  river  Tiber.     In  its  glory  it 
spread  over  ten  hills,  though  tradition   says  it  was   founded 
•  on   seven.     Here    S.    Paul    remained   in   prison.      Here    some 
See  opp.  p.  64  years  later,   he  and   S.    Peter   suffered   martyrdom.     S.    Paul 
was   imprisoned  in  his  own  hired  house  near  the   Pretorian 
Camp,  while  the  Jewish  Quarter  was  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  City.     At  this  time,  Rome  had  about  1,200,000  inhabitants, 
one-half   of   whom   were   slaves,   and  two-thirds   of   the   rest 
paupers,   supported  by   free    food   from   the   rich.     In   Rome, 
S.    Paul    wrote    the    Epistles    to    the    Ephesians,    Colossians, 
Philippians,  and  Philemon.     After  two  years  he  was  released, 
and  probably  spent  two  years  or  more  in  preaching  before  his 
final  imprisonment  and  death. 

Questions  and  Manual  Work  on  Chapter  XII. 

1.  Draw  a  map  of  Asia  Minor  giving  every  Province  and 
District,  i.e.  noting  those  absorbed  by  the  Roman  Empire  into 
a  few  provinces. 

2.  Locate  the  cities  visited  by  S.  Paul  and  the  events  noted 
at  each. 

3.  Locate   the    remaining   cities    of    importance   not   visited 
by  S.  Paul,  using  a  different  color  for  marking. 

4.  Draw  a  separate  map  of  Greece  and  locate  the  cities  and 
events. 


POZZUOLI 
Photo  by  W.   H.   Rau 


APPIAN  WAY 
Photo  by  W.  H.  Rau 


PALACE   OF  THE   CAESARS 
Rome 


COLISEUM 
Copyrighted  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 


The  Lands  of  St.  Paid ' J  'Labors     \ }  \  •:.  \ 

5.  Take  a  Bailey  Map  of  Roman  World  and  locate  all  the 
islands,   and   make   mention   of   events. 

6.  Do  the  same  with  Italy. 

7.  Take    four   such   maps   and   from   the  key   maps   in   the 
Appendix  reproduce  each  of  S.  Paul's  four  journeys. 


»-:<>  f^i  t.n>  MAI- 

PALESTINE, 


-  —  XxSf^-^V  £2     •— ' * 

Ife^:-^ 

«y  .-.v^ 

feO'*;,^* 


PHYSICAL  MAP  OF  PALESTINE. 

(By  permission  of  the  Palestine  Exploration  Fund] 

[The  original  of  this  map,  mounted  on  rollers,  may  be  obtained  of  the  N.  Y. 
Commission,  at  $1.25.  Postage  10  cts.  additional.] 


EGYPT.  SINAI 

AND 

CANAAN. 

-^-  Based  on  Jhe  roosl  recent  InformaHo 


Copyright,  1893,  by  The  Bible  Study  Publishing  Company. 


THE  PERIOD 
OF  THE  EXODUS 


T^e  Littlefield  O.T.  Historical  Maps 

'  '  °  N.v.  Sunday  School  Commissloa  las.' 


RIOD  OF  THE 
RIBAL 

SETTLEMENTS 


•feXrtfefUl  O.T.  Historical  Maps  / 

Copyright  1911,  by  Wm. Walter  Smith          I     - 

Published  for  NTT.  Sunday  School  CommlMlon  Ibc.    r 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


0         10      ,  20         30         40         50 


r  e  a  t        Syrian 


THE  PERIOD  OF 

THE  JUDGES 

127O-1O3O 

EOF  MILES 

20      4"      fiO       «0      11>C 


TheLitflefield  O.T.  Historical  Map« 

Copyright  1SU,  by  Wm..Valter  Smith 

Published  for  "SLY.  Sunday  School Commissioa  Inc. 


THE  KINGDOM 
OF  SAUL 
1O30-1O10 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


TheLltflefield  O.T.  Hi»toric»l  Maps 

Copyright  1911,  by  Wta.TValter  Smith 

Published  for  K. Y.  Sunday  School  CommiaaioiUnc. 


TVT    I    T    E   S 


I  A  N  S 


TadmoT-o 


6  /  e  a  t        Syrian 


Desert 


THE  EMPIRE  OF 

DAVID  AND  SOLOMON 

1OOO-937 


The  Lltflefield  O.T.  Historical  Maps 

Copyright  1911, 1>J  Wm.WaUer  Smith 

Published  for  X.V.  Sunday  School  Commission  Inc. 


of 


Ezion-geber 


Red 
Sea 


^ 


THE 
DIVIDED  KINGDOM 

TO  THE 

REVOLUTION  OF JEHU 
937-842 

SCALE  0_F  MILES 

0       20      40  ^0       80    TOO 


ThtLittlefleld  O.T.  Historical  Mapi 

Copyright  1911,  fcj  Wm  ."Walter  Smith 

Published  for  N.V.  Sunday  School  Commisoion  Inc. 


R  I  A  N  S 


Syrian 
Desert 


THE 
SYRIAN  CONQUESTS 

IN  THE 
REIGN  OF  HAZAEL 

About  814  to  797 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


TheLitfleBeld  O.T.  Historical  Maps 

Copyright  1911,  ty  WnuWaltet  SmHh 

Published  foiS-lT.  Sunday  School  Commission. Inc. 


»»'        •»»/»•••»•*•• 

,»  ,'»\  ,'..  J  I    »»*  J *••••»  5  •***• 


r  i  a  n 


THE  ASSYRIAN 

CONQUEST  OF  SYRIA 

797-783 


The  Llttlefl«ld  O.T.  Historical  Maps 

Copyright  1911,  by  Wm  .AValter  Smith 

Publlihed  for  X.  V.  Sunday  School  Commission  Inc. 


THE  PERIOD 
OF  JEROBOAM  II 

7  $0-7  40 


TheLittlefleld  O.T.  Historical  Maps 
Copyright  1911,  by  Wm.TV'alter  Smith 
Published  for  N..VT.  Sunday  School  Commission  ! 


we  at         Syrian 


Desert 


Red 

Sea/ 


THE 
CONQUESTS  OF 

TIGLATH-PILESER  III 
733-727 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


TheLitfleBeld  O.T.  Historical  Maps 

Copyright  19U,  \>j  Win/Walter  Smith 

Published  for  S.  V.  Sunday  School  Commission  IDC. 


THE 
FALL  OF  ISRAEL 

AND  THE 

PERIOD  OF  HEZEKIAH 

721  :  727-695 

SCALE  OF  MIIES 

0       20      40      60       80      100 


Thelitflefield  O.T.  Historical  Maps 

Copyright  1911,  \>y  Wia/Walter  Smith 

Published  for  N.V.  Sunday  School Commissioalnc. 


.,..11.  y 

ASSYRIA       / 


Deser 


THE 
SCYTHIAN  INVASION 

AND  THE 
PERIOD  OF  JOSIAH 

628:   639-6O8 


The  Littletteld  O.T.  Uietorical  M»p« 

Copyright  V9U,  \>J  Wm.TValter  Smitt 

Published  tor  K.r.  Sunday  School  Commission  Inc 


THE 
BABYLONIAN   PERIOD 

605-586 

SCALE  OF  mars 


Sea 


The  Littlefield  O.T.  Historical  Maps 

Copyright  1311,  bj  AVm/Waller  Smith 

Published  for  S.1T-  Sunday  School  Commission  Inc. 


THE 
/        PERSIAN  PERIOD 


Red/    (.,' 
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The  Litrtefield  O.T.  Historical  M»pa 


Copyzlght  10U,  by  Wm..'WaUer  Smith 
Publiahed  for  JLV-  Sunday  School  Co       ' 


10  20  30  40 

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SYRIA  AND  PALESTINE 


SCALE  OF  MILLS 


Outline  Map  Copyright,  1906,  by  the  New  York  Sunday  School  Commission 


THE  PROVINCES 


OF 


SYRIA  AND  PALESTINE 


SCALE  OF  MILLS 


Outline  Map  Copyright,  1906,  by  the  New  York  Sunday  School  Commission 


I     THE  PROVINCES 

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Outline  Map  Copyright,  1906,  by  the  New  York  Sunday  School  Commission 


.X' 


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OF 

SYRIA  AND  PALESTINE 


SCALE  OF  MIL  ELS 


Outline  Map  Copyright,  1906,  by  the  New  York  Sunday  School  Commission 


Outline  map  of  the  Bailey  Series 


Outline  ir.ap  of  the  Bailey  Series 


Outline  map  of  the  Bailey  Series 


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INDEX 


Abana,    44. 

Abel    Meholah,   40. 

Abel    Shittim,    42. 

Abila,    44. 

Aceldama,    22. 

Adam,   40. 

Admah,   41. 

Adullam,    Cave,   8. 

Aelia   Capitolina,  25. 

Ai,    19. 

Aijalon,   Valley,  8. 

Ain  Gadis,  32. 

Ain  Jalud,   52. 

Ain   Jidy,   24. 

Ain   Quadis,    32. 

Akabah,    61. 

Alexandria,    3. 

Amathus,   63. 

Amphipolis,   61. 

Anathoth,    21. 

Ancyra,    60. 

Angora,  60. 

Anti-Lebanon    Mountains,    6,     44, 

56. 

Antioch    in    Pisidia,    60. 
Antioch    in    Syria,   xiv,    57. 
Appian   Way,   64. 
Appii    Forum,    64. 
Arabah,  xiv. 
Arabian  Desert,   i,   54. 
Aram,  56. 

Aram-naharaim,    55. 
Argob,   46. 
Ariel,   25. 

Armenian    Convent,    25. 
Ashdod,    7. 
Ashkelon,    7. 
Asia   Minor,    i,   5. 
Asshur,    55. 
Athens,    xiv,    62. 
Awaji,   44. 

B. 

Baalbec,    57. 
Baal-Hazor,    15. 
Baal-Zephon,  4. 
Babylon,  xiv,  54. 
Bagdad,  54. 
Banias,  34. 
Barada,    44. 
Beersheba,   8,   32. 
Beitin,    19. 
Berea,  62. 
Besor,  Brook,  8. 


Bethany,  xiv,   24. 
Bethel,    xiv,    12,    19. 
Bethesda,   26. 
Beth-horon,    32. 
Bethlehem,    xiv,   xv,   31. 
Beth-peor,    49. 
Bethphage,  24. 
Bethsaida  Julias,   37. 
Bethsaida  of  Galilee,  37. 
Beth-Shan,   xv,   40,    52,    53. 
Beth-Shemesh,  8. 
Bithynia,   59, 
Black   Sea,    i. 
Blue    Nile,   3. 
Books,    ix. 
Borsippa,   55. 
Bozrah,    50. 
Brook   Besor,  8. 
Brook  Cherith,   23. 
Brook  Jabbok,  46. 
Brook  Jalud,   52. 
Brook    Zered,    49. 


C. 

Caesarea,    7. 

Caesarea   Philippi,   xv,   6,    34. 

Calah,   55. 

Calvary,  29. 

Cana,   xv,    10. 

Canaan,    2. 

Candia,   63. 

Capernaum,    xv,    10,    37. 

Cappadocia,  59. 

Carchemish,    57. 

Caria,    59. 

Carmel,  xx,  6,  13. 

Caspian  Sea,  i. 

Cave  Adullam,  8. 

Cenchreas,  62,  63. 

Central  Mountain  Range,   i. 

Chebar,    55. 

Cherith,   Brook,  23. 

Chinnereth,    Lake,    34. 

Chios,   63. 

Chorazin,   37. 

Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  26. 

Church  of  St.  Anne,  26. 

Church  of  St.  James,  26. 

Cilicia,    59. 

Citium,   63. 

City  of  Palm  Trees,  40. 

Coele   Syria,   56. 

Colosse,   61. 

Coos,    63. 


Index 


Corinth,   xv,   62. 
Crete,  63. 

Garden   of   Gethsemane.   22. 
Gath,    7. 

Cyprus,    63. 

Gaza,   xvi,   7. 

D. 

Damascus,  xv,  44. 
Damieh  Ford,  40,  42. 

Gehenna,   22,   29. 
Gennesaret,    36. 

Dan,  33. 
Dead   Sea   Region,  xv,   35,  42. 
Derbe,   60. 
Desert   of  Paran,    i. 

Gerasa,   48. 
Gergesa,    38. 
Gerizim,    xx,    13. 
Gersa,   38. 

Desert  of  Sin,  3. 
Desert  of  Zin,  3. 

Geshur,   45. 
Gethsemane,    22. 

Dibon,  49. 

Gezer,  8. 

District   of   Jedur,   45. 
District  of  Hauran,  46. 
Dome   of   the   Rock,   28. 

Ghor,   39. 
Gibeah  of  Benjamin,  20. 
Gibeon,  20,  32. 

Dothan,    xv,    13. 

Gideon     ^2.  • 

Dur-sharrukin,    56. 

Gilboa,  xx,  9,   13. 

Gilead,    i,   2. 

E. 

Gilgal,  Samuel,  16,  17. 

Gilgal,  Passover,  41. 

Eastern    Mountains    in    Gilead,    i. 
Eastern  Road,  30. 

Gihon,  25,   29. 
Gomorrah,   41. 

Ebal,    13. 

Gophna,   19. 

Edessa,   55. 

Goshen,  3. 

Edom,   49. 

Governor's  Palace,  26. 

Edrei,    46. 

Gulf  of  Akabah,  i. 

Egypt,  xvi,    i,  3,   5. 

Gulf   of   Persia,    56. 

Ekron,   7. 

Gulf  of   Suez,    i. 

Elah,  8.   31. 

Elim,  4. 

El  Lisan,  42. 

H. 

El  Khuds  esh-Sherif,  25. 

Emmaus,  xvi,   31. 

Hadad   Rimmon,   52. 

Endor,   9,    53. 
En-gedi,   24. 

Hai,    19. 
Hamath,   57. 

En   Rogel,   29. 

Haran,   xvi,    55. 

Ephesus,   60. 

Hasbany,    33. 

Ephraim,  N.  T.,  19. 
Ephraim,  O.  T.,  12,  47. 

Hasbeiya,    33. 
Hauran,  District  of,  46. 

Ephrath,   31. 
Ephron,    19. 
Esdraelon,  xvi,  52. 

Hazazon   of   the    Palm,    24. 
Hazazon-tamar,  24. 
Hazor,   10. 

Etham,    4. 

Hebron,  xvi,   31. 

Euphrates,    i,   54. 

Heliopolis,    Egypt,   3. 
Heliopolis,    Greece,    57. 

•pf 

Hermon,   Mount,   xx,   6,   34« 

Hermon,  Little,  9,   53. 

Fair   Havens,   63. 

Heshbon,  49. 

Farah,    17. 

Hezekiah,   26. 

Field    of   Blood,    22. 

Hieromax,    46. 

Fords  of  the  Jordan,  39. 

Hill   of  Evil   Counsel,  22. 

Fountain  of  Banias,  34. 

Hill  of  Moreh,  9,  53. 

Fountain    of   Gideon,    52. 

Hill  of  Orphel,  28. 

Fountain    of    Hasbany,    33. 

Hinnom,   22,   25. 

Fountain  of  Jezreel,  52. 

Hollow  Syria,  56. 

Fountain  of  Siloam,  29. 
Fountain  of  the  Virgin,  29. 

Holy  Sepulchre,  25. 
Hor,    Mount,    xx,    32,    50- 

Huleh,   9,   34,   35. 

G. 

Gadara,   47. 

I. 

Galatia,    59,    60. 

Iconium,    60. 

Galilee,    xvi,    34,    36. 

Idumea,    49. 

Garda,  47. 

Italy,  xvi,    5. 

Index 


J. 

abbok,    Brook,    xvi,    39,    46. 

abesh-Gilead,  47. 

acob's   Well,    15. 

aflfa,  xvi,   7. 

alud,    Brook,    52. 

armuk,    46. 

aulan,    45. 

eba,   20. 

ebel   Jermuk,    10. 

ebfl    Musa,   3. 

ebel  Osha,  47. 

ebus,  25. 
Tebus-shalem,    25. 
Jedur,  District  of,  45. 

ehoshaphat,  22,  25. 

eresh,   xvii. 

ericho,  Modern,  xvii,  41. 

ericho,  N.  T.,  40. 

ericho,  O.   T.,  40. 

ericho,  Plain  of,  35. 

erusalem,   xvii,  xviii,  xix,   22,  24, 

25- 
Jeru-shalaim,    25. 

eshimon,    23. 

ewish  Quarter,  28. 

ezreel,   xix,    52. 

ob's   Country,   46. 

oppa,   xvi,   7. 

ordan  Valley,  xix. 

ordan,   i,  33,  39. 

oseph's  Tomb,   15. 
Judah,   23. 


K. 

Kadcsh-Barnea,  32. 

Kedar,    54. 

Kedesh,   9. 

Kenath,  46. 

Khersa,    38. 

Kidron,    23. 

Kingdom  of  the  Ammonites,  47. 

Kingdom  of   Antiochus,    59. 

Kingdom  of  Geshur,  45. 

Kingdom   of   Og,   46. 

Kirjath-jearim,  31. 

Kir   of   Moab,   49. 

Kishon,  6. 

Kurun  Hattin,    10. 


Laish,  34. 

Lake  Chinnereth,  34. 
Lake  of  Galilee,   34. 
Lake   Huleh,   9,   34,   35. 
Lake  Merom,  9. 
Lake  of  Tiberias,  34. 
Lake  Urumiah,   56. 
Lake   Van,    54. 
Land  of  Goshen,  3. 
Land  of  the  Hebrews,  2. 


Land  of  Israel,  2. 

Land  of  Kedar,  54. 

Land  of  Moab,  48. 

Land  of  Promise,   2. 

Land  of  the  Twin   Rivers,  54. 

Land  of  Uz,  46,   54. 

Lantern   Slides,  xxi. 

Laodicaea,  61. 

Lebanon,    xix,    2. 

Lebanon   Mountains,   6,    56. 

Lechaeum,    62. 

Lejah,    46. 

Lejjun,    52. 

Leontes  River,  6,  9. 

Lesbos,  63. 

Liddan,    33. 

Litany,    River,   6. 

Little   Hermon,   9,    53. 

Lod,    7. 

Lower  Egypt,  3. 

Lower    Gihon,    29. 

Lower  Ford,  42. 

Lud,  7. 

Lycaonia,  60. 

Lydda,  xix,  7. 

Lycia,  59. 

Lydia,    59. 

Lystra,  60. 


M. 

Machaerus,  xix. 

Madai,  56. 

Magdala,  xix,  36. 

Mahanaim,   47. 

Malta,   63. 

Mamre,   31. 

Manual   Work. 

Maps. 

Marah,  4. 

Maritime  Plain,  i. 

Mar-Saba,  xix. 

Masada,  24. 

Medeba,  49. 

Media,    i. 

Mediterranean   Sea,   i. 

Megiddo,   51,    52. 

Meidel,    37. 

Melita,    63. 

Merom,  Lake,  9,   35. 

Mesopotamia,   i,  5,  54. 

Michmash,    19. 

Migdol,   37. 

Miletus,  60. 

Mitylene,   63. 

Mizpah,  xix,  21,  32,  48. 

Moab,   42,  48. 

Monastery  of  Mar  Saba,  24. 

Moreh,   9,   51,   53. 

Moriah,   28. 

Mount   of   Beatitudes,  xix,    10. 

Mount  Carmel,  xx,  6,   13. 

Mount  Ebal,  13. 

Mount  Ephraim,    12. 


Index 


Mount  Gerizim,   xx,    13. 

Mount  Gilboa,  xx,  13,  53. 

Mount  Hermon,  xx,  6,  34. 

Mount  Hor,  xx,  32,  50. 

Mount  Jebel  Jermuk,   10. 

Mount  Lebanon,  2. 

Mount  Moriah,  28. 

Mount  Moreh,    51. 

Mount   Nebo,   xx. 

Mount  of  Olives,  22,  30. 

Mount  Pisgah,  47. 

Mount   of   Samaria,    15, 

Mount  Seir,  49. 

Mount  Sinai,   3. 

Mount  Tabor,  xx,  9,   53. 

Mount  of  Temptation,  31. 

Mount    of    the    Transfiguration    of 

Christ,   6. 
Mount  Zion,  25. 
Mountains     of     Anti-Lebanon,     6, 

44,    56. 
Mugheir,  55. 
Mukmas,    19. 
Myra,  60. 

N. 

Nablous,    14. 
Nazareth,  xx,   10. 
Nain,  xx,  10,  53. 
Neapolis,   O.   T.,   14. 
Neapolis,   N.   T.,   61. 
Nebo,  xx. 
Negeb,   32. 
Nifur,  55. 
Nile,   i,  3. 
Nimrim  Ford,  42. 
Nimrud,   55. 
Nineveh,   55. 
Nippur,    55. 
Nob,    21. 
Nobah,   46. 
Northern  Egypt,  3. 
Northern  Road,  30. 
Northwestern    Road,   32. 


Og,  46. 
Ophni,   19. 
Orfa,    55. 
Orphel,  28. 
Orphrah,   19. 


O. 


P. 


Palace  of  Herod,  25. 
Palestine,    xiv,    i,    2,    5. 
Palmyra,    57. 
Pamphylia,  59. 
Paneas,    34. 
Paphlagonia,   59. 
Paphos,   63. 
Paran,    i,   3. 
Patmos,  63. 


Pella,  47. 

Peniel,  48. 

Penuel,  48. 

Perea,    47. 

Pergamos,   61. 

Persian   Gulf,    i,    56. 

Persipolis,  56. 

Petra,   xx,    50. 

Pharpar,   44. 

Philadelphia,  48,  61. 

Philippi,  61. 

Phrygia,   59,   60. 

Pictures,  xiii-xxi. 

Pihahiroth,  4. 

Pisgah,  47. 

Pisidia,    60. 

Plain  of  Abel   Shittim,   42. 

Plain  of  Esdraelon,   52. 

Plain  of  Gennesaret,  36. 

Plain  of  Jericho,  35. 

Plain  of  Mamre,  31. 

Plain  of  Moab,  42. 

Plain  of  Rephaim,   30. 

Plain  of   Sharon,   7. 

Pontus,  59. 

Pool  of  Bethesda,  26. 

Pool  of  Gibeon,  20. 

Pool  of  Hezekiah,  26. 

Pool  of  Samaria,   16. 

Pool  of  Siloam,  29. 

Potter's  Field,  22. 

Pozzuoli,  64. 

Ptolemais,  7. 

Puteoli,   64. 

R. 

Rabbalh-Ammon,  48. 

Rachel's  Tomb,  31. 

Ramah,   xx. 

Ramah  of  Benjamin,  20. 

Rameses,   4. 

Ramleh,   xx. 

Ramoth-Gilead,  48. 

Ras   es    Sufsafeh,   4. 

Reference    Books,    ix. 

Region  of  the  Dead  Sea,  xv. 

Rephaim,   30. 

Rephidim,   4. 

Rheggio,  64. 

Rhegium,  64. 

Rhodes,   63. 

River  Abana,  44. 

River  Awaji,  44. 

River  Barada,  44. 

River  Chebar,   55. 

River  Euphrates,   i,   54. 

River   Farah,    17. 

River   Jabbok,    39. 

River  Jordan,    i,   33. 

River  Kishon,   6. 

River   Litany,   6. 

River   Nile,    i. 

River  Pharpar,  44. 


Index 


Riblah,  57- 

River  Tigris,  i,  5,  54. 
River  Xanthus,  60. 
River  Yarmuk,  39. 
Robinson's  Arch,  28. 
Rock  Rimmon,    19. 
Roman  Empire,   i. 
Rome,  xx,  xxi,  64. 
Royal   Quarries,   27. 


Salamis,   63. 

Salem,   25. 

Saloniki,  62. 

Samaria,    Hill   of,    15. 

Samaria,   Modern,  xxi,   13. 

Samaria,  N.  T.,  12. 

Samaria,  O.  T.,   12. 

Samaria,  Pool  of,   16. 

Samos,  63. 

Samothracia,  63. 

Sardis,  61. 

Scythopolis,   52. 

Sea  of  Galilee,  36. 

Sebaste,  16. 

Seilun,   16. 

Seir,    49. 

Selah,  50. 

Seleucia,  57. 

Sharon,   7. 

Shechem,   xxi,   13. 

Shephelah,   8. 

Shiloh,    xxi,    16. 

Shinar,  54. 

Shunem,   10,  52. 

Shur,  3. 

Shushan,    56. 

Siclon,    xxi,    6. 

Siloam,  29. 

Sin,  3. 

Sinai,   3. 

Sinai  Peninsula,   i,  3. 

Six  Zones,  5. 

Slides,  xxi. 

Sodom,   41. 

Sorek,  8. 

Southern  Desert,  2. 

Southen   Egypt,  3. 

Southern  Road,  30. 

South   Galatia,   60. 

Southwestern    Road,   31. 

Spring  of  Gideon,  52. 

Stanchio,  63. 

St.    Paul's   Port,    63. 

St.  Stephen's  Gate,  26. 

Stereopticon    Slides,   xxi. 

Succoth,  4,  40. 

Suez,   i. 

Suf,   48. 

Supplies,    ix. 

Susa,    56. 

Sychar,    14. 

Syracuse,   64. 

Syria,    i,    55. 


T. 

Taanach,    52. 

Tabor,  xx,  9,   53. 

Tadnor,  57. 

Tarsus,    60. 

Tekoa,  24. 

Thebes,   3. 

The  Holy  City,  25. 

The   Holy   Land,   2. 

Thessalonica,    xxi,    62. 

Three  Taverns,   64. 

Threshing    Floor   of   Araunah,    28. 

Thyatira,    61. 

Tiberias,   xxi,    34,    36. 

Tigris,    i,    5,    54. 

Timnath,  8. 

Tirzah,    15. 

Tophet.  22,  29. 

Trachonitis,  46. 

Troas,   61. 

Trogyllium,   63. 

Twin  Rivers,  54. 

Tyre,  xxi,  6. 

Tyropoeon,   25. 

U. 

Um-Keis,  47. 
Upper   Egypt,   3. 
Upper    Gihon,    29. 
Ur   of   Chaldees,    55. 
Urumiah,    56. 
Uz,  46,    54. 


Vale  of  Hebron,   31. 

Valley   of  Aijalon,   8. 

Valley  of  Dothan,   13. 

Valley  of  Elah,  8,  31. 

Valley  of  Gihon,   25. 

Valley   of  Hinnom,    22,  25. 

Valley    of    Jehoshaphat,    22,    25. 

Valley  of  Jezreel,  52. 

Valley  of  the  Jordan,  39. 

Valley  of  Megiddo,  51. 

Valley  of  Shechem,  13. 

Valley  of  the  Sorek,  8. 

Van,   54- 

Via  Dolorosa,  26. 

Village  of  Siloam,  29. 


Wailing   Place  of   the   Jews,    28. 
Watch-tower,    37. 
Waters   of   Merom,   34,   35. 
Western  Road,  31. 


White  Nile,  3. 

of  Judah,  23. 
Wilderness  of  Mount   Sinai,  3. 


Wilderness  of  Judah,  23. 


Wilderness  of  Paran,   3. 
Wilderness  of  Shur,  3. 
Wilderness  of  Sin,  3. 
Wilderness  of  Zin,  3. 
Wood  of  Ephraim,  47. 


Index 


Xantfaus,   60. 


Yarmuk,  39- 


X. 


Y 


Zagros    Mountains,    i,    56. 


Zaretan,   40. 
Zeboim,  41. 
Zered,   Brook,  49. 
Zerin,    15,   52. 


Ziz,    24. 

Zoar,  41. 
Zor,  39. 
Zorah,  8. 


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